Allegheny-Cumberland Plateau Dry Oak Forest

EVT 7317Allegheny-Cumberland Dry Oak Forest and Woodland
CES202.359GNRTreeHardwood
Summary
This system encompasses dry hardwood forests on predominately acidic substrates in the Allegheny and Cumberland plateaus, as well as acidic sandstone ridges in the southern Ridge and Valley. Its range is more-or-less consistent with the "Mixed Mesophytic Forest Region" of Braun (1950) and Greller (1988), although it is not a mesic forest type. These forests are typically dominated by Quercus alba, Quercus falcata, Quercus montana, Quercus coccinea, with lesser amounts of Acer rubrum, Carya glabra, and Carya tomentosa. Small inclusions of Pinus echinata and/or Pinus virginiana may occur, particularly adjacent to escarpments or following fire. In addition, Pinus strobus may be prominent in some stands in the absence of fire. It occurs in a variety of situations, including on nutrient-poor or acidic soils. Sprouts of Castanea dentata can often be found where it was formerly a common tree.
Source: NatureServe Explorer
Vegetation
These forests are typically dominated by Quercus alba, Quercus falcata, Quercus montana (= Quercus prinus), Quercus coccinea, Acer rubrum, Carya glabra, and Carya tomentosa (= Carya alba). These occur in a variety of situations, most likely on nutrient-poor or acidic soils and, to a much lesser extent, on circumneutral soils. Sprouts of Castanea dentata can often be found where it was formerly a common tree. Small inclusions of Pinus echinata and/or Pinus virginiana may occur, particularly adjacent to escarpments or following fire. In addition, Pinus strobus may be prominent in some stands in the absence of fire.
Source: NatureServe Explorer
Environment
This system is most likely found on predominantly nutrient-poor or acidic substrates in the Allegheny and Cumberland plateaus, and acidic, weather-resistant ridges in the southern Ridge and Valley.
Source: NatureServe Explorer
Distribution
This system is centered on the Allegheny and Cumberland plateaus from northern Alabama north to Ohio, West Virginia, and possibly western Pennsylvania.
Source: NatureServe Explorer
Ecologically Associated Plant Species

Plant species that characterize this ecosystem type, organized by vegetation stratum. These are species ecologically associated with the ecosystem, not confirmed present in any specific area.

Tree canopy

Acer rubrum, Betula papyrifera, Carya glabra, Carya tomentosa, Cornus rugosa, Magnolia macrophylla, Oxydendrum arboreum, Pinus echinata, Pinus resinosa, Pinus strobus, Pinus virginiana, Populus grandidentata, Quercus alba, Quercus coccinea, Quercus falcata, Quercus prinoides, Quercus prinus

Shrub/sapling (tall & short)

Amelanchier arborea, Castanea dentata, Castanea pumila, Fothergilla major, Gaylussacia brachycera

Short shrub/sapling

Comptonia peregrina, Gaultheria procumbens, Pyrola americana

Herb (field)

Actaea racemosa, Agalinis plukenetii, Bromus kalmii, Carex aestivalis, Carex communis var. amplisquama, Carex polymorpha, Cleistes bifaria, Coreopsis delphiniifolia, Desmodium ochroleucum, Eurybia surculosa, Helianthus atrorubens, Hieracium scabrum, Lathyrus venosus, Lupinus perennis ssp. perennis, Physaria globosa, Pycnanthemum verticillatum, Rhynchosia tomentosa, Salvia urticifolia, Scutellaria montana, Silene caroliniana ssp. pensylvanica, Sitobolium punctilobulum, Symphyotrichum concolor, Taenidia montana, Thermopsis fraxinifolia, Thermopsis mollis, Tragia urticifolia, Trillium pusillum, Triosteum aurantiacum, Xerophyllum asphodeloides
Source: NatureServe Ecological System assessment
Ecologically Associated Animals (21)

Animal species ecologically associated with this ecosystem type based on NatureServe assessment. These are species whose habitat requirements overlap with this ecosystem, not confirmed present in any specific roadless area.

Mammals (3)

Common NameScientific NameG-Rank
Red WolfCanis rufusG1
Least WeaselMustela nivalisG5
Southern Appalachian WoodratNeotoma floridana haematoreiaG5T4Q

Birds (1)

Common NameScientific NameG-Rank
Black-billed CuckooCoccyzus erythropthalmusG5

Reptiles (11)

Common NameScientific NameG-Rank
Green AnoleAnolis carolinensisG5
Northern ScarletsnakeCemophora coccinea copeiG5T5
North American RacerColuber constrictorG5
Timber RattlesnakeCrotalus horridusG4
Eastern Hog-nosed SnakeHeterodon platirhinosG5
Northern Coal SkinkPlestiodon anthracinus anthracinusG5T5
Southeastern Five-lined SkinkPlestiodon inexpectatusG5
Eastern Fence LizardSceloporus undulatusG5
Southeastern Crowned SnakeTantilla coronataG5
Mountain EarthsnakeVirginia valeriae pulchraG5T3T4
Eastern Smooth EarthsnakeVirginia valeriae valeriaeG5T5

Amphibians (1)

Common NameScientific NameG-Rank
Mountain Chorus FrogPseudacris brachyphonaG5

Butterflies & Moths (3)

Common NameScientific NameG-Rank
Frosted ElfinCallophrys irusG3
Chestnut Clearwing MothSynanthedon castaneaeG3G5
Golden-banded SkipperTelegonus cellusG5

Insects (1)

Common NameScientific NameG-Rank
Serrulate MelanoplusMelanoplus serrulatusG1G3

Other (1)

Common NameScientific NameG-Rank
Eastern CougarPuma concolor couguarG5TXQ
Source: NatureServe Ecological System assessment
At-Risk Species Associated with this Ecosystem (17)

Species with conservation concern that are ecologically associated with this ecosystem type. G-Rank indicates global conservation status: G1 (critically imperiled) through G5 (secure). ESA status indicates U.S. Endangered Species Act listing.

Common NameScientific NameG-RankESA Status
Black CohoshActaea racemosaG3G4--
Frosted ElfinCallophrys irusG3--
Red WolfCanis rufusG1Endangered; Experimental population, non-essential
Fort Mountain SedgeCarex communis var. amplisquamaG5T3Q--
Variable SedgeCarex polymorphaG3--
American ChestnutCastanea dentataG3--
Larkspur TickseedCoreopsis delphiniifoliaG3?--
Cream Tick-trefoilDesmodium ochroleucumG2G3--
Mountain Witch-alderFothergilla majorG3--
Box HuckleberryGaylussacia brachyceraG3--
Serrulate MelanoplusMelanoplus serrulatusG1G3--
Globe BladderpodPhysaria globosaG2Endangered
Eastern CougarPuma concolor couguarG5TXQDelisted
Mountain ParsleyTaenidia montanaG3--
Ashleaf Bush-peaThermopsis fraxinifoliaG3?--
Allegheny Mountain Golden-bannerThermopsis mollisG3G4--
Mountain EarthsnakeVirginia valeriae pulchraG5T3T4--
Source: NatureServe Ecological System assessment
Component Associations (20)

Plant community associations that occur within this ecological system. Associations are the finest level of the U.S. National Vegetation Classification (USNVC) and describe specific, repeating assemblages of plant species. Each association represents a distinct community type that may be found where this ecosystem occurs.

NameG-Rank
Pinus echinata - Quercus montana - Quercus (coccinea, velutina) ForestG2 NatureServe
Pinus rigida - Quercus coccinea / Vaccinium angustifolium WoodlandG4 NatureServe
Pinus strobus - Quercus alba - (Carya tomentosa) / Gaylussacia ursina ForestG3 NatureServe
Pinus strobus - Quercus (coccinea, montana) / (Gaylussacia ursina, Vaccinium stamineum) ForestG4 NatureServe
Pinus virginiana - Pinus (rigida, echinata) - (Quercus montana) / Vaccinium pallidum ForestG3 NatureServe
Quercus alba - Carya tomentosa - (Quercus velutina) / Desmodium nudiflorum - (Carex picta) ForestG4 NatureServe
Quercus alba - Quercus (coccinea, velutina, montana) / Gaylussacia baccata ForestG5 NatureServe
Quercus alba - Quercus falcata / Vaccinium (arboreum, hirsutum, pallidum) ForestG3 NatureServe
Quercus alba - (Quercus montana) / (Hydrangea quercifolia) - Viburnum acerifolium / Carex picta ForestG3 NatureServe
Quercus alba - Quercus rubra - Carya ovata / Cercis canadensis - Juniperus virginiana ForestG4 NatureServe
Quercus alba - Quercus stellata / Ostrya virginiana - Acer floridanum / Chasmanthium sessiliflorum ForestG3 NatureServe
Quercus alba - Quercus velutina - Carya (ovata, tomentosa) - Pinus sp. ForestG4 NatureServe
Quercus falcata - Quercus (coccinea, stellata) / Vaccinium (pallidum, stamineum) ForestG4 NatureServe
Quercus montana - Carya spp. - Quercus velutina / Vaccinium arboreum / Iris verna var. smalliana ForestG3 NatureServe
Quercus montana - Carya (tomentosa, glabra, ovata) / Juniperus virginiana ForestG2 NatureServe
Quercus montana - Quercus (alba, coccinea) / Viburnum acerifolium - (Kalmia latifolia) ForestG4 NatureServe
Quercus montana - (Quercus coccinea) / Carya pallida / Vaccinium arboreum - Vaccinium pallidum ForestG4 NatureServe
Quercus montana - Quercus rubra - Carya (ovata, glabra) - Pinus virginiana ForestG4 NatureServe
Quercus montana - Quercus spp. / Vaccinium arboreum - (Kalmia latifolia, Styrax grandifolius) ForestG4 NatureServe
Quercus stellata - Pinus virginiana / (Schizachyrium scoparium, Piptochaetium avenaceum) WoodlandG2 NatureServe
State Conservation Ranks (7)

Subnational conservation status ranks (S-ranks) assigned by Natural Heritage Programs in each state where this ecosystem occurs. S1 indicates critically imperiled at the state level, S2 imperiled, S3 vulnerable, S4 apparently secure, and S5 secure. An ecosystem may be globally secure but imperiled in specific states at the edge of its range.

StateS-Rank
ALSNR
GASNR
KYSNR
OHSNR
TNSNR
VASNR
WVSNR
Roadless Areas (5)

Inventoried Roadless Areas where this ecosystem is present, identified from LANDFIRE 2024 Existing Vegetation Type spatial analysis. Coverage indicates the proportion of each area occupied by this ecosystem type.

Alabama (1)

AreaForestCoverageHectares
Oakey MountainTalladega National Forest21.6%535.59

Kentucky (1)

AreaForestCoverageHectares
WolfpenDaniel Boone National Forest33.2%381.06

Virginia (1)

AreaForestCoverageHectares
North Fork PoundJefferson National Forest38.0%731.79

West Virginia (2)

AreaForestCoverageHectares
Spice RunMonongahela National Forest2.2%55.8
Mcgowan MountainMonongahela National Forest0.9%38.25
Methodology and Data Sources

Ecosystem classification: Ecosystems are classified using the LANDFIRE 2024 Existing Vegetation Type (EVT) layer, mapped to NatureServe Terrestrial Ecological Systems via a curated crosswalk. Each EVT is linked to the USNVC (U.S. National Vegetation Classification) hierarchy through pixel-level co-occurrence analysis of LANDFIRE EVT and NatureServe IVC Group rasters across all roadless areas.

Vegetation coverage: Coverage percentages and hectares are derived from zonal statistics of the LANDFIRE 2024 EVT raster intersected with roadless area boundaries.

Ecosystem narratives and community species: Sourced from the NatureServe Explorer API, representing professional ecological assessments of vegetation composition, environmental setting, dynamics, threats, and characteristic species assemblages.

IVC hierarchy: The International Vegetation Classification hierarchy is sourced from the USNVC v3.0 Catalog, providing the full classification from Biome through Association levels.

Component associations: Plant community associations listed as components of each NatureServe Ecological System. Association data from the NatureServe Explorer API.

State ranks: Conservation status ranks assigned by NatureServe member programs in each state where the ecosystem occurs.