Appalachian Shale Barrens

EVT 7340
CES202.598GNRTreeConifer-hardwood
Summary
This system encompasses the distinctive shale barrens of the Central and Southern Appalachians at low to mid elevations. The exposure and lack of soil create extreme conditions for plant growth. Vegetation is mostly classified as woodland, overall, but may include large open areas of sparse vegetation. Dominant trees are primarily Quercus montana and Pinus virginiana, although on higher-pH substrates the common trees include Juniperus virginiana and Fraxinus americana. Shale barren endemics are diagnostic in the herb layer. The substrate includes areas of solid rock as well as unstable areas of shale scree, usually steeply sloped. The fully exposed areas are extremely dry. These barrens are high in endemic species.
Source: NatureServe Explorer
Vegetation
Although stunted trees of several species such as Quercus montana (= Quercus prinus), Pinus virginiana, and Carya glabra are common, Central Appalachian Shale Barrens are strongly characterized by their open physiognomy and by a suite of uncommon and rare plants found almost exclusively in these habitats (Fleming et al. 2004). Endemic or near-endemic shale barren species include Arabis serotina, Clematis albicoma, Clematis viticaulis (also endemic to Virginia), Eriogonum allenii, Oenothera argillicola, Packera antennariifolia, and Trifolium virginicum. Other more-or-less widespread and characteristic herbaceous species of Virginia shale barrens include Carex pensylvanica, Schizachyrium scoparium, Danthonia spicata, Deschampsia flexuosa var. flexuosa, Phlox subulata, Paronychia montana, Selaginella rupestris, Antennaria virginica, Potentilla canadensis, Helianthus laevigatus, Brickellia eupatorioides var. eupatorioides, Blephilia ciliata, Erysimum capitatum var. capitatum (Bath and Alleghany counties).
Source: NatureServe Explorer
Environment
This system is found at low to mid elevations in the Central and Southern Appalachians. Most shale barrens occur between 305 and 610 m (1000-2000 feet) elevation and have a generally southern exposure. Slopes are steep and often undercut by a stream at the base. Soils are thin, with a layer weathered rock fragments covering the surface. The exposure and lack of soil create extreme conditions for plant growth. The chemistry and pH vary somewhat from site to site, and this variability may be reflected in the vegetation. The substrate includes areas of solid rock as well as unstable areas of shale scree, usually steeply sloped.
Source: NatureServe Explorer
Distribution
This system is found from southern Pennsylvania south to Virginia and extreme eastern Tennessee. Application of the concept south of Virginia is uncertain. It is not attributed to Kentucky.
Source: NatureServe Explorer
Ecologically Associated Plant Species

Plant species that characterize this ecosystem type, organized by vegetation stratum. These are species ecologically associated with the ecosystem, not confirmed present in any specific area.

Tree canopy

Carya glabra, Fraxinus americana, Juniperus virginiana, Pinus virginiana, Prunus alleghaniensis, Quercus prinus

Herb (field)

Allium oxyphilum, Antennaria virginica, Avenella flexuosa ssp. flexuosa, Blephilia ciliata, Borodinia serotina, Brickellia eupatorioides var. eupatorioides, Calamagrostis porteri, Campanula rotundifolia, Carex juniperorum, Carex pensylvanica, Clematis albicoma, Clematis coactilis, Clematis viticaulis, Coreopsis verticillata, Danthonia spicata, Draba ramosissima, Eriogonum allenii, Erysimum capitatum, Erysimum capitatum var. capitatum, Fleischmannia incarnata, Helianthus laevigatus, Liatris aspera, Malaxis bayardii, Myriopteris lanosa, Myriopteris rufa, Oenothera argillicola, Packera antennariifolia, Packera plattensis, Paronychia montana, Paronychia virginica, Phlox buckleyi, Phlox subulata, Potentilla canadensis, Schizachyrium scoparium, Sedum glaucophyllum, Selaginella rupestris, Silene caroliniana ssp. pensylvanica, Solidago arguta var. harrisii, Symphyotrichum laeve var. concinnum, Symphyotrichum x schistosum, Taenidia montana, Thaspium pinnatifidum, Trichostema brachiatum, Trichostema setaceum, Trifolium virginicum, Woodsia appalachiana

Nonvascular

Bryoerythrophyllum inaequalifolium
Source: NatureServe Ecological System assessment
Ecologically Associated Animals (19)

Animal species ecologically associated with this ecosystem type based on NatureServe assessment. These are species whose habitat requirements overlap with this ecosystem, not confirmed present in any specific roadless area.

Mammals (3)

Common NameScientific NameG-Rank
Red WolfCanis rufusG1
Least WeaselMustela nivalisG5
Southern Appalachian WoodratNeotoma floridana haematoreiaG5T4Q

Reptiles (10)

Common NameScientific NameG-Rank
Eastern CopperheadAgkistrodon contortrixG5
Green AnoleAnolis carolinensisG5
North American RacerColuber constrictorG5
Eastern MilksnakeLampropeltis triangulumG5
Northern Coal SkinkPlestiodon anthracinus anthracinusG5T5
Southeastern Five-lined SkinkPlestiodon inexpectatusG5
Southeastern Crowned SnakeTantilla coronataG5
Common GartersnakeThamnophis sirtalisG5
Mountain EarthsnakeVirginia valeriae pulchraG5T3T4
Eastern Smooth EarthsnakeVirginia valeriae valeriaeG5T5

Butterflies & Moths (2)

Common NameScientific NameG-Rank
Olympia MarbleEuchloe olympiaG5
Northern CrescentPhyciodes cocytaG5

Insects (1)

Common NameScientific NameG-Rank
Divergent MelanoplusMelanoplus divergensG2G3

Other (3)

Common NameScientific NameG-Rank
Western RatsnakePantherophis obsoletusG5
Eastern CougarPuma concolor couguarG5TXQ
Appalachian Grizzled SkipperPyrgus wyandotG1G2Q
Source: NatureServe Ecological System assessment
At-Risk Species Associated with this Ecosystem (17)

Species with conservation concern that are ecologically associated with this ecosystem type. G-Rank indicates global conservation status: G1 (critically imperiled) through G5 (secure). ESA status indicates U.S. Endangered Species Act listing.

Common NameScientific NameG-RankESA Status
Lillydale OnionAllium oxyphilumG2--
Shale Barren RockcressBorodinia serotinaG2Endangered
Red WolfCanis rufusG1Endangered; Experimental population, non-essential
Juniper SedgeCarex juniperorumG3--
Virginia White-hair LeatherflowerClematis coactilisG3--
Millboro LeatherflowerClematis viticaulisG1--
Shale Barren BuckwheatEriogonum alleniiG3--
Bayard's MalaxisMalaxis bayardiiG1G2--
Divergent MelanoplusMelanoplus divergensG2G3--
Shale Barren Evening-primroseOenothera argillicolaG3G4--
Swordleaf PhloxPhlox buckleyiG2G3--
Eastern CougarPuma concolor couguarG5TXQDelisted
Appalachian Grizzled SkipperPyrgus wyandotG1G2Q--
Mountain ParsleyTaenidia montanaG3--
Cutleaf Meadow-parsnipThaspium pinnatifidumG2G3--
Kate's Mountain CloverTrifolium virginicumG3--
Mountain EarthsnakeVirginia valeriae pulchraG5T3T4--
Source: NatureServe Ecological System assessment
Component Associations (8)

Plant community associations that occur within this ecological system. Associations are the finest level of the U.S. National Vegetation Classification (USNVC) and describe specific, repeating assemblages of plant species. Each association represents a distinct community type that may be found where this ecosystem occurs.

NameG-Rank
Juniperus virginiana - Fraxinus americana / Carex pensylvanica - Cheilanthes lanosa Open WoodlandG2 NatureServe
Pinus virginiana - Juniperus virginiana - Quercus rubra / Solidago arguta var. harrisii - Opuntia humifusa WoodlandG3 NatureServe
Pinus virginiana - Quercus montana / Packera antennariifolia - Phlox subulata WoodlandG3 NatureServe
Pinus virginiana - Quercus montana / Quercus ilicifolia / (Hieracium greenii, Viola pedata) WoodlandG3 NatureServe
(Pinus virginiana) / Schizachyrium scoparium - Eriogonum allenii Wooded GrasslandG2 NatureServe
Pinus virginiana / Vaccinium pallidum / Schizachyrium scoparium - Carex pensylvanica WoodlandG2 NatureServe
Quercus montana - Juniperus virginiana - (Pinus virginiana) / Philadelphus hirsutus - Celtis occidentalis WoodlandG2 NatureServe
Quercus montana / Quercus ilicifolia / Danthonia spicata WoodlandG3 NatureServe
State Conservation Ranks (5)

Subnational conservation status ranks (S-ranks) assigned by Natural Heritage Programs in each state where this ecosystem occurs. S1 indicates critically imperiled at the state level, S2 imperiled, S3 vulnerable, S4 apparently secure, and S5 secure. An ecosystem may be globally secure but imperiled in specific states at the edge of its range.

StateS-Rank
MDSNR
PASNR
TNSNR
VASNR
WVSNR
Roadless Areas (6)

Inventoried Roadless Areas where this ecosystem is present, identified from LANDFIRE 2024 Existing Vegetation Type spatial analysis. Coverage indicates the proportion of each area occupied by this ecosystem type.

Virginia (5)

AreaForestCoverageHectares
Patterson MountainJefferson National Forest6.6%129.69
Beards MountainGeorge Washington National Forest4.0%121.23
Oliver MountainGeorge Washington National Forest1.8%95.49
Broad RunJefferson National Forest1.3%59.58
JerkemtightGeorge Washington National Forest0.7%49.32

West Virginia (1)

AreaForestCoverageHectares
Little Allegheny MountainMonongahela National Forest3.9%165.42
Methodology and Data Sources

Ecosystem classification: Ecosystems are classified using the LANDFIRE 2024 Existing Vegetation Type (EVT) layer, mapped to NatureServe Terrestrial Ecological Systems via a curated crosswalk. Each EVT is linked to the USNVC (U.S. National Vegetation Classification) hierarchy through pixel-level co-occurrence analysis of LANDFIRE EVT and NatureServe IVC Group rasters across all roadless areas.

Vegetation coverage: Coverage percentages and hectares are derived from zonal statistics of the LANDFIRE 2024 EVT raster intersected with roadless area boundaries.

Ecosystem narratives and community species: Sourced from the NatureServe Explorer API, representing professional ecological assessments of vegetation composition, environmental setting, dynamics, threats, and characteristic species assemblages.

IVC hierarchy: The International Vegetation Classification hierarchy is sourced from the USNVC v3.0 Catalog, providing the full classification from Biome through Association levels.

Component associations: Plant community associations listed as components of each NatureServe Ecological System. Association data from the NatureServe Explorer API.

State ranks: Conservation status ranks assigned by NatureServe member programs in each state where the ecosystem occurs.