Pediocactus sileri

(Engelm.) L. Benson

Siler Pincushion Cactus

G2Imperiled (G2G3) Found in 1 roadless area NatureServe Explorer →
G2ImperiledGlobal Rank
Least concernIUCN
High - mediumThreat Impact
Identity
Unique IDELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.132964
Element CodePDCAC0E060
Record TypeSPECIES
ClassificationSpecies
Classification StatusStandard
Name CategoryVascular Plant
IUCNLeast concern
CITESAppendix I
Endemicendemic to a single nation
KingdomPlantae
PhylumAnthophyta
ClassDicotyledoneae
OrderCaryophyllales
FamilyCactaceae
GenusPediocactus
Synonyms
Utahia sileri(Engelm.) Britt. & Rose
Other Common Names
Siler pincushion cactus (EN)
Concept Reference
Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.
Conservation Status
Rank Method Rank calculation - Biotics v2
Review Date2024-05-23
Change Date2013-09-16
Edition Date2024-05-23
Edition AuthorsD. Atwood, rev. C. Russell, rev. Maybury (1996), rev. S. Schuetze (2012), rev. A. Tomaino (2013), rev. N. Ventrella (2024)
Threat ImpactHigh - medium
Range Extent1000-5000 square km (about 400-2000 square miles)
Number of Occurrences6 - 20
Rank Reasons
Pediocactus sileri is endemic to a narrow strip along the Arizona-Utah border, where it is ecologically restricted to gypsum and salt-rich soils derived from the Moenkopi formation. The majority of populations occur on Bureau of Land Management lands in the Arizona Strip and Cedar City Districts, which have documented plants occurring on 17,000 ha of land. In most cases individual plants are widely separated, but the survey did find three dense populations. Fairly heavy off-road vehicle use has adversely impacted some populations. Other threats include livestock grazing and long-term drought. Many populations in long-term monitoring plots are in decline in recent years due to drought and herbivory.
Range Extent Comments
Pediocactus sileri occurs in western North America, where it is found along the Utah-Arizona border in Coconino and Mohave counties, Arizona and in Washington and Kane counties, Utah in the United States (USFWS 2008). Specifically, this species occurs from just southeast of St. George, Utah onto the Uinkaret Plateau south of Colorado City, Arizona and then northeast towards Fredonia, Arizona (Skillin 2021). Range extent was estimated using herbarium specimens, NatureServe Network occurrence data, and data from the Utah Rare Plant Database collected between 1993 and 2022 (UNHP 2021, NatureServe 2024, SEINet 2024).
Occurrences Comments
By applying a 2 km separation distance to population location data from the Utah Rare Plant Database, herbarium specimens, and NatureServe Network occurrence data documented between 1993 and 2022, there are thirteen estimated occurrences (UNHP 2021, NatureServe 2024, SEINet 2024).
Threat Impact Comments
Illegal poaching of this cactus from the wild by collectors seems to be a low concern to this species, due to the difficulty in keeping this cactus alive in cultivation, and there is no current evidence of poaching, though plants have sometimes disappeared without apparent cause (Skillin 2021). Off-road vehicle use and impacts from recreation activities have impacted Pediocactus sileri, especially in habitat near population centers around St. George, Utah and Fredonia, Arizona. Uranium mining was a potential threat to this species in the past (USFWS 2008), but has decreased due to the 2012 Secretary of the Interior's decision to withdraw more than a million acres of land from mineral mining, which includes Pediocactus sileri habitat (USFWS 2018). Gypsum mining and oil and gas exploration and development are currently considered to be low threats, but there is the potential for these threats to increase depending on future markets (USFWS 2008). Other possible future threats include increased urban development in Utah and a proposed Lake Powell water pipeline that would cross BLM-lands in the Arizona strip region (USFWS 2018). Predation by larvae of the cactus borer beetle and by native rodents has impacted individuals and remains a significant threat to this species along with drought (USFWS 2018).
Ecology & Habitat

Habitat

Pediocactus sileri grows in soils derived from the Moenkopi Formation, which are high in gypsum and soluble salts (AZGFD 2021). In Utah, it is also found in seleniferous and calciferous shale. The species is associated with sagebrush, desert shrub, and pinyon-juniper community types. Dominant associated species include Atriplex confertifolia, Atriplex canescens, Artemisia tridentata, Artemisia bigelovii, Pinus edulis, Juniperus osteosperma, Larrea tridentata, and Ambrosia dumosa.

Reproduction

Members of Pediocactus produce dry, dull-colored fruit which are presumed not to be dispersed by birds or rodents, but rather wind or water. Little variation exists within populations. These populations can be separated by distances of several miles even when there is suitable habitat. Further, dispersal within populations appears to be staggered throughout the growing season from shortly after seeds are produced in June to fall. This dispersal strategy may be disadvantageous for the genus; however, populations in the genus when left undisturbed seem to be healthy with all age classes represented (Heil et al. 1981).
Terrestrial Habitats
Forest/WoodlandWoodland - ConiferGrassland/herbaceousDesert
Other Nations (1)
United StatesN2
ProvinceRankNative
UtahS2Yes
ArizonaS2Yes
Threat Assessments
ThreatScopeSeverityTiming
1 - Residential & commercial developmentRestricted (11-30%)UnknownLow (long-term)
2 - Agriculture & aquaculturePervasive (71-100%)Slight or 1-10% pop. declineHigh (continuing)
2.3 - Livestock farming & ranchingPervasive (71-100%)Slight or 1-10% pop. declineHigh (continuing)
3 - Energy production & miningLarge (31-70%)Moderate - slightUnknown
4 - Transportation & service corridorsRestricted (11-30%)UnknownUnknown
4.2 - Utility & service linesRestricted (11-30%)UnknownUnknown
5 - Biological resource usePervasive (71-100%)Negligible or <1% pop. declineInsignificant/negligible or past
5.2 - Gathering terrestrial plantsPervasive (71-100%)Negligible or <1% pop. declineInsignificant/negligible or past
6 - Human intrusions & disturbanceLarge (31-70%)Slight or 1-10% pop. declineHigh (continuing)
6.1 - Recreational activitiesLarge (31-70%)Slight or 1-10% pop. declineHigh (continuing)
8 - Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseasesPervasive (71-100%)Moderate - slightHigh (continuing)
8.2 - Problematic native species/diseasesPervasive (71-100%)Moderate - slightHigh (continuing)
11 - Climate change & severe weatherPervasive (71-100%)Moderate - slightHigh (continuing)
11.2 - DroughtsPervasive (71-100%)Moderate - slightHigh (continuing)

Plant Characteristics
DurationPERENNIAL, Long-lived
Economic Value (Genus)No
Roadless Areas (1)
Utah (1)
AreaForestAcres
CottonwoodDixie National Forest6,754
References (23)
  1. Arizona Game and Fish Department. 2003. <i>Pediocactus sileri</i>. Unpublished abstract compiled and edited by the Heritage Data Management System, Arizona Game and Fish Department, Phoenix, AZ. 6 pp. [http://www.azgfd.gov/w_c/edits/documents/Pedisile.d_000.pdf]
  2. Arizona Game and Fish Department (AGFD). 2021. April 4 last update. <i>Pediocactus sileri</i>. Unpublished abstract compiled and edited by the Heritage Data Management System, Arizona Game and Fish Department, Phoenix, AZ. 7 pp. Online. Available: https://www.azgfd.com/wildlife-conservation/on-the-ground-conservation/cooperative-programs/az-natural-heritage-program/ (Accessed 2024)
  3. Benson, L. 1982. The Cacti of the United States and Canada. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California. 1044 pp.
  4. Butterworth, C., and J.M. Porter. 2013. <i>Pediocactus sileri</i>. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1. Online. Available: http://www.iucnredlist.org (accessed 11 July 2013).
  5. Flora of North America Editorial Committee (FNA). 2003b. Flora of North America north of Mexico. Vol. 4, Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae, part 1. Oxford University Press, New York. xxiv + 559 pp.
  6. Heil, K., B. Armstrong and D. Schleser. 1981. A review of the genus <i>Pediocactus. </i>Cactus and Succulent Journal 53:17-39.
  7. Hughes, L.E. 1991. Pediocactus sileri report. Report for the Bur. Land Management, Arizona Strip District, St. George. 26 pp.
  8. Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.
  9. Laurenzi, A. and J.R. Spence. 2012. Conservation priority setting for Arizona G1 and G2 plant species: A regional assessment.
  10. NatureServe. 2024. NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia.
  11. Rutman, S. 1992. Handbook of Arizona's endangered, threatened, and candidate plants. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Phoenix, AZ. 30 pp.
  12. Skillin, R., 2021. The Gypsum Cactus Pediocactus sileri. <i>Cactus and Succulent Journal</i>, <i>93</i>(1), pp.4-20.
  13. Southwest Environmental Information Network (SEINet). 2024. Collections Databases. Online. Available: https://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/collections/index.php (accessed 2024).
  14. Still, S. 2012. Arizona EO Report. Chicago Botanic Garden. 93 pp.
  15. Tilley, D., L. St. John, and D. Ogle. 2010. Plant guide for Siler's pincushion cactus (<i>Pediocactus sileri</i>). USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service, Idaho Plant Materials Center. Aberdeen, ID[http://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_pesi4.pdf]
  16. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 1993. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; reclassification of the plant <i>Pediocactus sileri </i>(Siler Pincushion cactus) from endangered to threatended status. Federal Register 58(246): 68476-68480.
  17. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 1993. Reclassification of the plant <i>Pediocactus sileri </i>(Siler pincushion cactus) from endangered to threatened status. Federal Register 58(246): 68476-68480.
  18. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2008. Siler Pincushion Cactus <i>(Pediocactus sileri)</i>. 5-year review: summary and evaluation. Arizona Ecological Services Office, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Phoenix, AZ.
  19. US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2018. 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation Short Template, Siler Pincushion Cactus (<i>Pediocactus sileri</i>). Arizona Ecological Services Office, Flagstaff, AZ.
  20. Utah Natural Heritage Program. 2021. Utah Rare Plant Database. (Accessed 2021).
  21. Utah Natural Heritage Program (UNHP). 2021. Element Subnational Ranking Form: <i>Pediocactus sileri</i> in Biotics 5 database. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia (accessed 2024).
  22. Utah TES Plant Interagency Committee. 1991. Endangered, threatened, and sensitive plant field guide. No pagination.
  23. Welsh, S.L. 1979. Illustrated manual of proposed endangered and threatened plants of Utah. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT. 318 pp.