Batrachoseps wrighti
(Bishop, 1937)
Oregon Slender Salamander
G3VulnerableGlobal Rank
Near threatenedIUCN
MediumThreat Impact
Identity
Unique IDELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.100214
Element CodeAAAAD02100
Record TypeSPECIES
ClassificationSpecies
Classification StatusStandard
Name CategoryVertebrate Animal
IUCNNear threatened
Endemicendemic to a single state or province
KingdomAnimalia
PhylumCraniata
ClassAmphibia
OrderCaudata
FamilyPlethodontidae
GenusBatrachoseps
SynonymsBatrachoseps wrightorum(Bishop, 1937)
Other Common NamesOregon slender salamander (EN)
Concept ReferenceFrost, D. R. 1985. Amphibian species of the world. A taxonomic and geographical reference. Allen Press, Inc., and The Association of Systematics Collections, Lawrence, Kansas. v + 732 pp.
Taxonomic CommentsBatrachoseps wrightorum, used by Collins (1997) and Crother et al. (2003), is an unjustified emendation according to Dubois (2007).
Conservation Status
Rank MethodLegacy Rank calculation - Excel v3.1x
Review Date2013-01-23
Change Date2013-01-23
Edition Date2013-01-23
Edition AuthorsGaines, E., and G. Hammerson
Threat ImpactMedium
Range Extent5000-20,000 square km (about 2000-8000 square miles)
Number of Occurrences81 - 300
Rank ReasonsSmall range in Oregon; declining due to logging practices that have eliminated or reduced optimal microhabitat. Although the population is not in serious decline, the following features make it vulnerable: small range, dependence on late-successional characteristics, need for downed and decaying large logs.
Range Extent CommentsRange includes western Oregon from the Columbia River Gorge in Multnomah and Hood River counties southward in the Cascade Mountains to southern Lane County; most of the range is on the western slopes of the Cascades, but several sites are on the eastern slope in Hood River and Wasco counties (Kirk 1991; Stebbins 2003; Storm, in Jones et al. 2005; see also 1991 Herp. Rev. 22:22-23). Elevational range extends from 15 meters in the Columbia River Gorge to around 1,430 meters (Stebbins 2003). This salamander occurs in scattered and often widely separated colonies (Stebbins 2003). See Nussbaum et al. (1983) and Kirk (1991) for spot maps.
Occurrences CommentsThis species is represented by a fairly large number of occurrences (subpopulations). Nussbaum et al. (1983) mapped 20 collection sites. Kirk (1991) mapped 42 collection sites. Oregon Biodiversity Information Center reported 222 "extant records."
Threat Impact CommentsThis species has declined as a result of widespread logging practices that have eliminated or reduced the favored microhabitat (large, moist, well-decayed, downed wood) (Bury and Corn 1988; Gilbert and Allwine 1991; Storm, in Jones et al. 2005). Large, decayed logs used by slender salamanders for nesting are rare in clearcuts and plantations, and so forests intensively managed on short harvest rotations may represent population sinks (Vesely 1999).
Ecology & Habitat
Habitat
Habitat includes moist Douglas-fir and mixed maple, hemlock, and red-cedar woodlands. This species occurs most abundantly in well-decayed pieces of coarse woody debris and thus is dependent on conditions that are most typical of mature and old-growth stands (Bury and Corn 1988, Gilbert and Allwine 1991, Vesely 1999). It is rare or at least difficult to detect in recent clearcuts (Bury and Corn 1988, Vesely 1999). (Bury and Corn (1988) found that fewer numbers occurred in logged than in mature forests. In time-constrained searches, Gilbert and Allwine (1991) found an average of 1.26 individuals per stand in old growth, 2.10 in mature, and 2.1 in young growth (naturally regenerated forest); however, logs of all decay-classes were abundant in all of their study areas. Vesely (1999) found that Oregon slender salamanders were most numerous in closed-canopy conditions and on east- and west-facing aspects than in open-canopy situations and north- and south-facing slopes. This species also occurs under moss-covered rocks in the Columbia River Gorge and in stabilized talus and lava flows elsewhere (Nussbaum et al. 1983; Storm, in Jones et al. 2005). Individuals can be found under rocks, logs, bark, and moss, and in rotting logs, stumps, holes and crevices in the ground, and termite burrows. Nests have been found under bark and in rotten logs (Nussbaum et al. 1983).
Reproduction
Terrestrial breeder; no aquatic larval stage. Females with eggs have been found in April, May, and June (Nussbaum et al. 1983).
Terrestrial HabitatsForest - ConiferForest - MixedWoodland - ConiferWoodland - Mixed
Other Nations (1)
United StatesN3
| Province | Rank | Native |
|---|
| Oregon | S3 | Yes |
Roadless Areas (21)
Oregon (19)
| Area | Forest | Acres |
|---|
| Bull Of The Woods | Mt. Hood National Forest | 8,843 |
| Charlton Butte | Willamette National Forest | 3,031 |
| Chucksney Mountain | Willamette National Forest | 15,369 |
| Eagle | Mt. Hood National Forest | 16,841 |
| Elkhorn | Willamette National Forest | 9,380 |
| French Pete (a) | Willamette National Forest | 1,668 |
| French Pete (b) | Willamette National Forest | 1,186 |
| Gordon Meadows | Willamette National Forest | 9,463 |
| Maiden Peak | Willamette National Forest | 9,627 |
| Maiden Peak | Deschutes National Forest | 26,432 |
| Mclennon Mountain | Willamette National Forest | 8,085 |
| Middle Santiam | Willamette National Forest | 7,316 |
| Mt. Hagen | Willamette National Forest | 6,406 |
| Opal Creek | Willamette National Forest | 5,417 |
| Roaring River | Mt. Hood National Forest | 27,316 |
| Salmon - Huckleberry | Mt. Hood National Forest | 17,570 |
| Waldo - Fuji | Willamette National Forest | 15,273 |
| Waldo - Lake | Willamette National Forest | 2,993 |
| Wind Creek | Mt. Hood National Forest | 5,438 |
Washington (2)
| Area | Forest | Acres |
|---|
| Bear Creek | Gifford Pinchot National Forest | 7,980 |
| Big Lava Bed | Gifford Pinchot National Forest | 19,043 |
References (21)
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- Bury, R. B. 2005. <i>Batrachoseps wrighti</i> (Bishop, 1937). Oregon slender salamander. Pages 695-696 in M. L. Lannoo (editor). Amphibian declines: the conservation status of United States species. University of California Press, Berkeley.
- Bury, R. B., and P. S. Corn. 1988b. Douglas-fir forests in the Oregon and Washington Cascades: relation of the herpetofauna to stand age and moisture. Pages 11-22 in Management of amphibians, reptiles and small mammals in North America. USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, Ft. Collins, Colorado. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-166.
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- Dubois, A. 2007. Genitives of species and subspecies nomina derived from personal names should not be emended. Zootaxa 1550:49-68.
- Frost, D. R. 1985. Amphibian species of the world. A taxonomic and geographical reference. Allen Press, Inc., and The Association of Systematics Collections, Lawrence, Kansas. v + 732 pp.
- Frost, D.R. 2020. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. Online: http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.html
- Gaines, E. Zoology Data Manager, Oregon Natural Heritage Program, Oregon Field Office, Portland, Oregon. Pers. comm.
- Gilbert, F. F., and R. Allwine. 1991. Terrestrial amphibian communities in the Oregon Cascade Range. Pages 318-324 in L. F. Ruggiero, K. B. Aubry, A. B. Carey, and M. H. Huff, technical coordinators. Wildlife and vegetation of unmanaged Douglas-fir forests. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, General Technical Report PNW-GTR-285, Portland, OR.
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- Leonard, W. P., H. A. Brown, L. L. C. Jones, K. R. McAllister, and R. M. Storm. 1993. Amphibians of Washington and Oregon. Seattle Audubon Society, Seattle, Washington. viii + 168 pp.
- Nussbaum, R.A., E.D. Brodie, Jr., and R.M. Storm. 1983. Amphibians and Reptiles of the Pacific Northwest. University Press of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho. 332 pp.
- Petranka, J. W. 1998. Salamanders of the United States and Canada. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
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- Stebbins, R. C. 2003. A field guide to western reptiles and amphibians. Third edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.
- Vesely, D. G. 1999. Habitat selection by Oregon slender salmanders (<i>Batrachoseps wrighti</i>) in the western Oregon Cascades. Final report to Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife.