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Buteogallus anthracinus

(Deppe, 1830)

Common Black Hawk

G4Apparently Secure (G4G5) Found in 28 roadless areas NatureServe Explorer →
G4Apparently SecureGlobal Rank
Least concernIUCN
HighThreat Impact
Identity
Unique IDELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.799241
Element CodeABNKC15010
Record TypeSPECIES
ClassificationSpecies
Classification StatusStandard
Name CategoryVertebrate Animal
IUCNLeast concern
CITESAppendix II
Endemicoccurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations
KingdomAnimalia
PhylumCraniata
ClassAves
OrderAccipitriformes
FamilyAccipitridae
GenusButeogallus
Other Common Names
Aguililla-Negra Menor, Gavilán Cangrejero (ES) Buse noire (FR) Common Black-Hawk (EN)
Concept Reference
Blake, E.R. 1977. Manual of neotropical birds, vol 1. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL. 674 pp.
Taxonomic Comments
Here includes Buteogallus anthracinus subtilis (Stiles and Skutch 1989; Howell and Webb 1995; Ridgely and Greenfield 2001). Formerly included B. gundlachii, now separated because of differences in size, plumage and voice (Wiley and Garrido, 2005).
Conservation Status
Review Date2000-10-22
Change Date2000-10-22
Threat ImpactHigh
Range Extent>2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)
Rank Reasons
Widespread in appropriate habitat; however, there are some concerns over the long-term health of the required riparian and freshwater habitats.
Range Extent Comments
BREEDING: Resident from central (rarely northwestern) Arizona, southwestern Utah (rarely), southern (rarely central) New Mexico, and western and (formerly) southern Texas, south through Mexico and Central America to northern Colombia, and east through coastal Venezuela and Trinidad to Guyana, French Guiana, and in the Lesser Antilles on St. Vincent. NON-BREEDING: Northernmost breeding populations in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico usually migrate southward in nonbreeding season (AOU 1998). Casual or accidental in southern Nevada, northcentral Texas, southern and western Texas away from breeding areas, and the Lesser Antilles; sight records from southern California and northern Baja California. Reports from Minnesota and southern Florida are probably based on escaped individuals, and may pertain in part to B. urubitinga (AOU 1998).
Threat Impact Comments
Threatened in the United States by the alteration or elimination of riparian habitat through clearing, water diversion, diking and damming, and lowering of the water table by underground pumping (Schnell et al. 1988, Schnell 1994). At least 95% of the riparian habitat in the southwestern United States have been lost, altered, or degraded (Ohmart 1994). Presumably, similar threats exist in other parts of the range.
Ecology & Habitat

Habitat

Lowland forest, swamps and mangroves, in both moist and arid habitats but generally near water (along rivers and streams), also foraging often on tidal flats or in open woodland (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones) (AOU 1983). Often nests in woodlands near water; in U.S., nests in tall gallery forest trees, mostly cottonwoods supported by flowing water (Schnell et al. 1988). Nests in tree, 4-30 m above ground. May refurbish and use old nest.

Ecology

Defends small territory, used year after year by returning individuals.

Reproduction

Clutch size in Arizona usually 2, sometimes 1. Incubation reportedly about 38 days, by both sexes. In Arizona, 75% of clutches hatched latter half of May (one in late July). Young tended by both sexes, first fly at 6-7 weeks, independent in another 1.5-2 months.
Terrestrial Habitats
Forest - HardwoodForest - ConiferForest - Mixed
Palustrine Habitats
FORESTED WETLANDRiparian
Other Nations (1)
United StatesN3B
ProvinceRankNative
New MexicoS2B,S3NYes
TexasS2BYes
UtahS1BYes
NevadaS3Yes
ArizonaS3BYes
Roadless Areas (28)
Arizona (19)
AreaForestAcres
BoulderTonto National Forest40,359
Boulder CanyonCoconino National Forest4,554
Butterfly Roadless AreaCoronado National Forest42,296
Catalina St. Pk. Roadless AreaCoronado National Forest951
Cdo WsaCoronado National Forest1,955
East Clear CreekCoconino National Forest1,613
GaliuroCoronado National Forest28,333
HackberryCoconino National Forest17,885
Lime CreekTonto National Forest42,568
Lower San FranciscoApache-Sitgreaves National Forests59,310
MazatzalTonto National Forest16,942
Mitchell PeakApache-Sitgreaves National Forests35,398
NolanApache-Sitgreaves National Forests6,780
Painted BluffsApache-Sitgreaves National Forests43,118
PicachoTonto National Forest4,969
PinalenoCoronado National Forest130,920
Santa TeresaCoronado National Forest8,929
Sierra Ancha Wilderness ContiguousTonto National Forest7,787
TumacacoriCoronado National Forest44,594
New Mexico (9)
AreaForestAcres
Aspen MountainGila National Forest23,784
Capitan MountainsLincoln National Forest14,069
Contiguous To Black & Aldo Leopold WildernessGila National Forest111,883
Contiguous To Gila Wilderness & Primitive AreaGila National Forest79,049
Devils CreekGila National Forest89,916
Gila BoxGila National Forest23,759
Hell HoleGila National Forest19,553
Lower San FranciscoGila National Forest26,460
Peloncillo (NM)Coronado National Forest43,339
References (30)
  1. American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1983. Check-list of North American Birds, 6th edition. Allen Press, Inc., Lawrence, Kansas. 877 pp.
  2. American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1998. Check-list of North American birds. Seventh edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. [as modified by subsequent supplements and corrections published in <i>The Auk</i>]. Also available online: http://www.aou.org/.
  3. American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 2007. Forty-eighth supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American Birds. The Auk 124(3):1109-1115.
  4. BirdLife International. 2004b. Threatened birds of the world 2004. CD ROM. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK.
  5. Blake, E.R. 1977. Manual of neotropical birds, vol 1. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL. 674 pp.
  6. Braun, M. J., D. W. Finch, M. B. Robbins, and B. K. Schmidt. 2000. A field checklist of the birds of Guyana. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
  7. Fisher, A.K. 1893. The hawks and owls of the United States in their relation to agriculture. Washington U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Bull. no. 6. 210 pp.
  8. Harrison, C. 1978. A Field Guide to the Nests, Eggs and Nestlings of North American Birds. Collins, Cleveland, Ohio.
  9. Hilty, S.L. and W. L. Brown. 1986. A Guide to the Birds of Colombia. Princeton University Press, Princeton, USA. 836 pp.
  10. Howell, S. N. G., and S. Webb. 1995. A guide to the birds of Mexico and northern Central America. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
  11. Johnsgard, P. A. 1990. Hawks, eagles, and falcons of North America. Smithsonian Inst. Press, Washington, D.C. xvi + 403 pp.
  12. Lefranc, M. N., Jr., and R. L. Glinski. 1988. Southwest raptor management issues and recommendations. Pages 375-392 in Glinski et al., eds. Proc. Southwest raptor management symposium and workshop. National Wildlife Federation Science and Tech. Ser. No. 11.
  13. National Geographic Society (NGS). 1983. Field guide to the birds of North America. National Geographic Society, Washington, DC.
  14. Oberholser, H.C. 1974. The bird life of Texas. 2 vols. Univ. of Texas Press, Austin.
  15. Ohmart, R. D. 1994. The effects of human-induced changes on the avifauna of western riparian habitats. Studies in Avian Biology No. 15:273-285.
  16. Palmer, R. S., editor. 1988a. Handbook of North American birds. Vol. 4. [Diurnal raptors, part 1]. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT. vii + 433 pp.
  17. Parker III, T. A., D. F. Stotz, and J. W. Fitzpatrick. 1996. Ecological and distributional databases for neotropical birds. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
  18. Pendleton, B. A. G., B. A. Millsap, K. W. Cline, and D. M. Bird. 1987. Raptor management techniques manual. National Wildlife Federation, Sci. and Tech. Ser. No. 10. 420 pp.
  19. Raffaele, H., J. Wiley, O. Garrido, A. Keith, and J. Raffaele. 1998. A guide to the birds of the West Indies. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. 511 pp.
  20. Ridgely, R. S. 2002. Distribution maps of South American birds. Unpublished.
  21. Ridgely, R. S. and J. A. Gwynne, Jr. 1989. A Guide to the Birds of Panama. 2nd edition. Princeton University Press, Princeton, USA.
  22. Ridgely, R. S. and P. J. Greenfield. 2001. The birds of Ecuador: Status, distribution, and taxonomy. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, USA.
  23. Schnell, J. H. 1994. Common Black-Hawk (BUTEOGALLUS ANTHRACINUS). IN: The birds of North America, No. 122 (A. Poole and F. Gill, editors). Philadelphia: The Academy of Natural Sciences; Washington, D.C.: The American Ornithologists' Union.
  24. Schnell, J. H., R. L. Glinski, and H. A. Snyder. 1988. Common Black-Hawk. Pages 65-70 in Glinski et al., eds. Proc. Southwest Raptor Manage. Symp. and Workshop. National Wildlife Federation Sci. and Tech. Ser. No. 11.
  25. Sibley, C.G., and B.L. Monroe, Jr. 1990. Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT. xxiv + 1111 pp.
  26. Sibley, D. A. 2000a. The Sibley guide to birds. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.
  27. Stiles, F. G. and A. F. Skutch. 1989. A guide to the birds of Costa Rica. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, USA. 511 pp.
  28. Terres, J. K. 1980. The Audubon Society encyclopedia of North American birds. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.
  29. Wiley, J. W., and O. H. Garrido. 2005. Taxonomic status and biology of the Cuban Black-Hawk, <i>Buteogallus anthracinus gundlachii </i>(Aves: Accipitridae). Journal of Raptor Research 39:351-364.
  30. Zook, J. L. 2002. Distribution maps of the birds of Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama. Unpublished.