Home/Species/ Smooth-billed Ani

Crotophaga ani

Linnaeus, 1758

Smooth-billed Ani

G5Secure Found in 1 roadless area NatureServe Explorer →

G5SecureGlobal Rank

Least concernIUCN

Identity

Unique IDELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.102852

Element CodeABNRB11020

Record TypeSPECIES

ClassificationSpecies

Classification StatusStandard

Name CategoryVertebrate Animal

IUCNLeast concern

Endemicoccurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations

KingdomAnimalia

PhylumCraniata

ClassAves

OrderCuculiformes

FamilyCuculidae

GenusCrotophaga

Other Common Names

Ani à bec lisse (FR) Anu-Preto (PT) Garrapatero Pico Liso, Anó Común (ES)

Concept Reference

American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1998. Check-list of North American birds. Seventh edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. [as modified by subsequent supplements and corrections published in The Auk]. Also available online: http://www.aou.org/.

Conservation Status

Rank MethodExpertise without calculation

Review Date2016-04-07

Change Date1996-11-27

Edition Date2014-02-25

Edition AuthorsJue, Sally S.

Range Extent>2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)

Number of Occurrences81 to >300

Rank Reasons

Species is widespread and ubiquitous in disturbed grassy areas throughout much of the neotropics, including most of the Caribbean Islands (Sanchez, 2013).

Range Extent Comments

RESIDENT: central and southern Florida; from the Bahamas south throughout the Antilles; on islands off Quintana Roo, Honduras, and Nicaragua; in southwestern Costa Rica, Panama, and South America from Colombia, Venezuela, and the Guianas south (west of the Andes) to western Ecuador and (east of the Andes) to northern Argentina (AOU 1983).

Occurrences Comments

The number of distinct breeding occurrences (subpopulations) has not been determined, but the species is widely distributed in the Americas; resident in parts of Florida, West Indies, Mexico, and Central and South America. Partners in Flight (2013) estimate a global population of 20 million though.

Threat Impact Comments

Possible ingestion of pesticides as a result of insect diet may have contributed to decrease in numbers in Florida (Stevenson and Anderson 1994).

Ecology & Habitat

Habitat

ALL SEASONS: Open situations with brush or scrub, plantations, gardens, farmlands, and forest clearings. BREEDING: Nests in tree or shrub.

Ecology

Lives in small flocks.

Reproduction

Clutch size 4-7; several females may lay eggs in single nest. Incubation 12-15 days, by both sexes and all group members. Eggs at nest bottom may not hatch. Young tended by group, leave nest at 10-11 days.

Terrestrial Habitats

Shrubland/chaparralSavannaOld fieldCropland/hedgerow

Palustrine Habitats

Riparian

Other Nations (1)

United StatesN3

Roadless Areas (1)

Puerto Rico (1)

Area	Forest	Acres
Mameyes Area	Caribbean National Forest	11,150

References (23)

American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1983. Check-list of North American Birds, 6th edition. Allen Press, Inc., Lawrence, Kansas. 877 pp.
American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1998. Check-list of North American birds. Seventh edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. [as modified by subsequent supplements and corrections published in <i>The Auk</i>]. Also available online: http://www.aou.org/.
Bent, A.C. 1940. Life histories of North American cuckoos, goatsuckers, hummingbirds, and their allies. Part I. U.S. National Museum Bulletin 176. 244 pp.
BirdLife International. 2004b. Threatened birds of the world 2004. CD ROM. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK.
BirdLife International. (2013-2014). IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on various dates in 2013 and 2014. http://www.birdlife.org/
Braun, M. J., D. W. Finch, M. B. Robbins, and B. K. Schmidt. 2000. A field checklist of the birds of Guyana. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
Castro, I. and A. Phillips. 1996. A guide to the birds of the Galapagos Islands. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
Fessl, B. and S. Tebbich. 2002. Philornis downsi - a recently discovered parasite on the Galapagos archipelago - a threat for Darwin's finches? Ibis 144:445-451.
Harrison, C. 1978. A Field Guide to the Nests, Eggs and Nestlings of North American Birds. Collins, Cleveland, Ohio.
Howell, S. N. G., and S. Webb. 1995. A guide to the birds of Mexico and northern Central America. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
Parker III, T. A., D. F. Stotz, and J. W. Fitzpatrick. 1996. Ecological and distributional databases for neotropical birds. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Partners in Flight Science Committee. 2013. Population Estimates Database, version 2013. Available at http://rmbo.org/pifpopestimates. Accessed in 2014 and 2018.
Quinn, J. S., and J. M. Startek-Foote. 2000. Smooth-billed Ani (CROTOPHAGA ANI). No. 539 IN A. Poole and F. Gill, editors, The birds of North America. The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA. 16pp.
Raffaele, H. A. 1983a. A guide to the birds of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Fondo Educativo Interamericano, San Juan, Puerto Rico. 255 pp.
Raffaele, H., J. Wiley, O. Garrido, A. Keith, and J. Raffaele. 1998. A guide to the birds of the West Indies. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. 511 pp.
Ridgely, R. S. 2002. Distribution maps of South American birds. Unpublished.
Ridgely, R. S. and J. A. Gwynne, Jr. 1989. A Guide to the Birds of Panama. 2nd edition. Princeton University Press, Princeton, USA.
Sanchez, Carlos. 2013. The Fate of the Florida Anis. Website accessed at http://10000birds.com/the-fate-of-the-florida-anis.htm. Accessed on 10-Nov-2014.
Sibley, D. A. 2000a. The Sibley guide to birds. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.
Souza, F. L. 1995. A study of group structure and home range size of CROTOPHAGA ANI and GUIRA GUIRA in Sao Paulo, Brasil (Cuculiformes, Cuculidae). Ararajuba 3:72-74.
Stiles, F. G. and A. F. Skutch. 1989. A guide to the birds of Costa Rica. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, USA. 511 pp.
Terres, J. K. 1980. The Audubon Society encyclopedia of North American birds. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.
Zook, J. L. 2002. Distribution maps of the birds of Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama. Unpublished.