Crotalus pricei

Van Denburgh, 1895

Twin-spotted Rattlesnake

G5Secure Found in 3 roadless areas NatureServe Explorer →
G5SecureGlobal Rank
Least concernIUCN
LowThreat Impact
Identity
Unique IDELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.103104
Element CodeARADE02080
Record TypeSPECIES
ClassificationSpecies
Classification StatusStandard
Name CategoryVertebrate Animal
IUCNLeast concern
Endemicoccurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations
KingdomAnimalia
PhylumCraniata
ClassReptilia
OrderSquamata
FamilyViperidae
GenusCrotalus
Concept Reference
Pyron, R. A., F. T. Burbrink, and J. J. Wiens. 2013. A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 29:131.
Conservation Status
Review Date2006-08-29
Change Date1996-10-31
Edition Date2006-08-29
Edition AuthorsHammerson, G.
Threat ImpactLow
Range Extent20,000-2,500,000 square km (about 8000-1,000,000 square miles)
Number of Occurrences21 - 80
Range Extent Comments
The range extends from southeastern Arizona (Chiricahua, Huachuca, Pinaleno, Dos Cabezas, and Santa Rita mountains) southward through the Sierra Madre Occidental to northeastern Sonora, western Chihuahua, and Durango), in the Sierra Madre Oriental of southeastern Coahuila, southern Nuevo Leon, southwestern Tamaulipas, and north-central San Luis Potosi), and in Aguascalientes (Prival et al. 2002, Campbell and Lamar 2004). Elevational range is about 4,000-10,500 feet (1,220-3,200 meters) (Stebbins 2003); lower limit is about 1,850 meters according to Campbell and Lamar 2004). Prival et al. (2002) found this species at 2,530-2,900 meters in the Chiricahua Mountains.
Occurrences Comments
This species is represented by many occurrences (subpopulations). On a range-wide scale, Campbell and Lamar (2004) mapped about 46 collection sites.
Threat Impact Comments
No major threats are known; most localities in Mexico are remote and difficult to access. Potential threats in Arizona include mining, grazing, overcollecting, logging, and recreational or other development (Johnson and Mills, cited by Ernst 1992).
Ecology & Habitat

Habitat

This species is a mountain rock dweller of pine-oak woodland, grassy and brushy areas, and open coniferous forest, usually occurring on well-lit rocky slopes such as south-facing talus (Stebbins 2003, Campbell and Lamar 2004). In Mexico, it is also found in grassy/shrubby mountain valleys where prey is abundant, on pinyon-pine/agave slopes, and in limestone/scrub oak/agave habitats where pines have been reduced by logging (the latter two habitats pertain to the eastern subspecies miquihuanus, Armstrong and Murphy 1979). This snake was found among stumps and coarse woody debris in July in high-elevation pine-oak forest in Sierra del Nido, Chihuahua (Bryson et al. 2002). In autumn, individuals may shift from summer habitat to a diffferent winter habitat (e.g., a different talus slope or beneath surface cover in a nontalus site (Prival et al. 2003).

Ecology

In suitable habitat, several may occur in an area of a few square meters (Lowe et al. 1986).

Reproduction

In the Chiricahua Mountains, mating was concentrated in August and early September; births occurred in late July and August; mean number of embryos was 4 (range 1-6); female reproduction appeared to be biennial or less frequent; females developed embryos at 4-5 years of age (Prival et al. 2002). Viviparous. Gives birth to 3-9 young, July-August (Lowe et al. 1986).
Terrestrial Habitats
Woodland - ConiferWoodland - MixedBare rock/talus/scree
Other Nations (1)
United StatesN3
ProvinceRankNative
ArizonaS2Yes
Roadless Areas (3)
Arizona (3)
AreaForestAcres
ChiricahuaCoronado National Forest76,876
GaliuroCoronado National Forest28,333
PinalenoCoronado National Forest130,920
References (26)
  1. Armstrong, B. L., and J. B. Murphy. 1979. The natural history of Mexican rattlesnakes. Univ. Kansas Museum Natural History Special Publication. No. 5. vii + 88 pp.
  2. Behler, J. L., and F. W. King. 1979. The Audubon Society field guide to North American reptiles and amphibians. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. 719 pp.
  3. Brattstrom, B. H. 1964. Evolution of the pit vipers. Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History 13(11):185-268.
  4. Bryson, R. W., Jr., J. Banda, and D. Lazcano. 2002. Crotalus pricei pricei: habitat selection. Herpetological Review 33:140.
  5. Campbell, J. A., and E. D. Brodie, Jr., editors. 1992. Biology of the pit vipers. Selva, Tyler, Texas.
  6. Campbell, J. A., and W. W. Lamar. 1989. The venomous reptiles of Latin America. Comstock Publ. Associates, Division of Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, New York. xii + 425 pp.
  7. Collins, J. T. 1990. Standard common and current scientific names for North American amphibians and reptiles. 3rd ed. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. Herpetological Circular No. 19. 41 pp.
  8. Crother, B. I. (editor). 2012. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. 7th edition. SSAR Herpetological Circular 39:1-92.
  9. Crother, B. I. (editor). 2017. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. 8th edition. SSAR Herpetological Circular 43:1-104. [Updates in SSAR North American Species Names Database at: https://ssarherps.org/cndb]
  10. Ernst, C. H. 1992. Venomous reptiles of North America. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. ix + 236 pp.
  11. Gloyd, H. 1940. The rattlesnakes. Chicago Academy Science, Special Publication No. 4.
  12. Gumbart, T. C., and K. A. Sullivan. 1990. Predation on yellow-eyed junco nestlings by twin-spotted rattlesnakes. Southwest. Nat. 35:367-368.
  13. Klauber, L. M. 1972. Rattlesnakes: their habits, life histories, and influence on mankind. Second edition. Two volumes. Univ. California Press, Berkeley.
  14. Knight, A., D. Styer, S. Pelikan, J. A. Campbell, L. D. Densmore III, and D. P. Mindell. 1993. Choosing among hypotheses of rattlesnake phylogeny: a best-fit rate test for DNA sequence data. Systematic Biology 42(3):356-367.
  15. Lowe, C. H., C. R. Schwalbe, and T. B. Johnson. 1986. The venomous reptiles of Arizona. Arizona Game and Fish Department. ix + 115 pp.
  16. McCranie, J. R. 1980. <i>Crotalus pricei</i>. Cat. Am. Amph. Rep. 266.1-266.2.
  17. McCranie, J. R. 1988. Description of the hemipenis of <i>Sistrurus ravus </i>(Serpentes: Viperidae). Herpetologica 44:123-126.
  18. Murphy, R. W., J. Fu, and A. Lathrop. 2002. Phylogeny of the rattlesnakes (<i>Crotalus </i>and <i>Sistrurus</i>) inferred from sequences of five mitochondrial DNA genes. Pages 69-92 in G. W. Schuett, M. Hoggren, M. E. Douglas, and H. W. Greene, editors. Biology of the Vipers. Eagle Mountain Publishing, Eagle Mountain, Utah.
  19. Nicholson, K. E. (ed.). 2025. Scientific and Standard English Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of North America North of Mexico, with Comments Regarding Confidence in Our Understanding. Ninth Edition. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. 87pp. Online database available at: https://cnah.org/SSARnames.aspx
  20. Parkinson, C. L. 1999. Molecular systematics and biogeographical history of pitvipers as determined by mitochondrial ribosomal DNA sequences. Copeia 1999:576-586.
  21. Prival, D. B., M. J. Goode, and C. R. Schwalbe. 2003. <i>Crotalus pricei</i> (twin-spotted rattlesnake). Winter activity. Herpetological Review 34:250.
  22. Prival, D. B., M. J. Goode, D. E. Swann, C. R. Schwalbe, and M. J. Schroff. 2002. Natural history of a northern population of twin-spotted rattlesnakes, <i>Crotalus pricei.</i> Journal of Herpetology 36:598-607.
  23. Pyron, R. A., F. T. Burbrink, and J. J. Wiens. 2013. A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 29:131.
  24. Stebbins, R. C. 1985a. A field guide to western reptiles and amphibians. Second edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts. xiv + 336 pp.
  25. Stebbins, R. C. 2003. A field guide to western reptiles and amphibians. Third edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.
  26. Stille, B. 1987. Dorsal scale microdermatoglyphics and rattlesnake (<i>Crotalus </i>and <i>Sistrurus</i>) phylogeny (Reptilia: Viperidae: Crotalinae). Herpetologica:98-104.