Plestiodon skiltonianus

Baird and Girard, 1852

Western Skink

G5Secure Found in 161 roadless areas NatureServe Explorer →
G5SecureGlobal Rank
Least concernIUCN
LowThreat Impact
Identity
Unique IDELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.100793
Element CodeARACH01110
Record TypeSPECIES
ClassificationSpecies
Classification StatusStandard
Name CategoryVertebrate Animal
IUCNLeast concern
Endemicoccurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations
KingdomAnimalia
PhylumCraniata
ClassReptilia
OrderSquamata
FamilyScincidae
GenusPlestiodon
Synonyms
Eumeces skiltonianus(Baird and Girard, 1852)
Other Common Names
Scinque de l'Ouest (FR) western skink (EN)
Concept Reference
Brandley, M. C., H. Ota, T. Hikida, A.Nieto, M. De Oca, M. Feria-Ortiz, X. Guo, and Y. Wang. 2012. The phylogenetic systematics of blue-tailed skinks (Plestiodon) and the family Scincidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 165(1):163-189.
Taxonomic Comments
Formerly in the genus Eumeces. Smith (2005) and Brandley et al. (2005) formally proposed that all North American species (north of Mexico) be placed in the genus Plestiodon. In a phylogenetic analysis of Eumeces based on morphology, Griffith et al. (2000) proposed splitting Eumeces into multiple genera, based on the apparent paraphyly of Eumeces.

Richmond and Reeder (2002) presented mtDNA evidence that P. s. skiltonianus is paraphyletic with respect to both P. s. interparietalis and P. s. utahensis as well as to the species P. lagunensis (Baja California) and to two of the three lineages of P. gilberti (Crother 2017).
Conservation Status
Review Date2016-02-02
Change Date1996-10-28
Edition Date2005-08-26
Edition AuthorsHammerson, G.
Threat ImpactLow
Range Extent200,000-2,500,000 square km (about 80,000-1,000,000 square miles)
Number of Occurrences81 - 300
Range Extent Comments
The range extends from south-central British Columbia to northwestern Baja California, from the Pacific coast to western Montana, Idaho, eastern Utah, and north-central Arizona, including various islands off the west coast of California and Baja California (Grismer 2002, Stebbins 2003). Elevational range is from sea level (California) to about 2,530 meters (8,300 feet) (southern Utah, southern Nevada, northern Arizona) (Tanner 1988, Stebbins 2003).
Occurrences Comments
This species is represented by a arge number of occurrences or subpopulations. For example, Tanner (1988) mapped nearly 200 collection sites rangewide. Nussbaum et al. (1983) mapped even more localities than did Tanner for the Pacific Northwest portion of the range. The secretive habits of this skink suggest that it occurs in many more localities than have been so far documented.
Threat Impact Comments
No major threats have been identified. Reductions from habitat loss appear to be minimal.
Ecology & Habitat

Habitat

Habitats include grassland, chaparral, pinyon-juniper woodland, open pine or pine-oak woods, and rocky areas near streams (Stebbins 2003); the species is partial to open wooded foothills and is usually associated with rocks, under which it takes shelter (also digs burrows in soil). Eggs are laid in burrows or areas excavated by the female under rocks and stones.

Ecology

Secretive. Life history not well known.

Reproduction

In Utah, mates in May or June, lays eggs in July, eggs hatch in August. Clutch size 2-6 (Nussbaum et al. 1983). Female guards eggs and stays with hatchlings until they disperse from nest.
Terrestrial Habitats
Forest - ConiferForest - MixedWoodland - ConiferWoodland - MixedShrubland/chaparralGrassland/herbaceous
Palustrine Habitats
Riparian
Other Nations (2)
CanadaN3
ProvinceRankNative
British ColumbiaS3Yes
United StatesN5
ProvinceRankNative
OregonS5Yes
WyomingS1Yes
IdahoS4Yes
ArizonaS1Yes
WashingtonS5Yes
UtahS4Yes
CaliforniaSNRYes
MontanaS3Yes
NevadaS4Yes
Roadless Areas (161)
California (106)
AreaForestAcres
Arroyo SecoAngeles National Forest4,703
Bear MountainLos Padres National Forest913
Bell QuinbyShasta-Trinity National Forest11,556
BlackKlamath National Forest6,530
Black ButteMendocino National Forest15,461
Black ButteLos Padres National Forest5,116
Black MountainLos Padres National Forest16,818
Black Mtn.Sequoia National Forest15,102
Blue Creek Rare ISix Rivers National Forest12,134
Board CampSix Rivers National Forest4,527
Bonanza KingShasta-Trinity National Forest16,402
Cactus Springs BSan Bernardino National Forest3,106
Cahuilla MountainSan Bernardino National Forest6,952
CajonSan Bernardino National Forest7,548
CalienteCleveland National Forest5,953
Callahan FlowModoc National Forest6,618
CamuesaLos Padres National Forest8,209
Chalk PeakLos Padres National Forest7,472
ChanchelullaShasta-Trinity National Forest3,915
ChicoSequoia National Forest39,836
Circle MountainSan Bernardino National Forest6,375
City CreekSan Bernardino National Forest9,997
ColdwaterCleveland National Forest8,402
Condrey Mtn.Klamath National Forest2,923
Cow CreekSix Rivers National Forest1,271
Cow CreekShasta-Trinity National Forest22,627
Crystal CreekSan Bernardino National Forest6,783
Cucamonga AAngeles National Forest1,249
Cucamonga BSan Bernardino National Forest11,933
Cucamonga CSan Bernardino National Forest4,106
Cutca ValleyCleveland National Forest14,530
Deep CreekSan Bernardino National Forest23,869
Dobie FlatModoc National Forest15,079
Domeland Add.Sequoia National Forest3,046
EagleShasta-Trinity National Forest6,553
Eagle PeakCleveland National Forest6,481
Fish CanyonAngeles National Forest29,886
Granite PeakSan Bernardino National Forest450
Greenhorn CreekSequoia National Forest28,226
GriderKlamath National Forest10,647
Grouse LakesTahoe National Forest19,085
Hixon FlatSan Bernardino National Forest8,095
Horse Creek RidgeSan Bernardino National Forest8,969
Indian CreekKlamath National Forest5,011
IshiLassen National Forest21,805
JohnsonKlamath National Forest10,652
KangarooKlamath National Forest40,617
KellySix Rivers National Forest5,195
Kettle Mtn.Shasta-Trinity National Forest4,589
LaddCleveland National Forest5,300
Lake EleanorShasta-Trinity National Forest397
LavasModoc National Forest25,864
Little French CShasta-Trinity National Forest11,529
Magic MountainAngeles National Forest15,542
Malduce BuckhornLos Padres National Forest14,177
Mill CreekSequoia National Forest27,643
Mill PeakSan Bernardino National Forest7,884
MonoLos Padres National Forest28,141
No NameCleveland National Forest4,897
NordhoffLos Padres National Forest12,031
North Fork American RiverTahoe National Forest38,495
North Fork SmithSix Rivers National Forest37,898
Orleans Mtn.Klamath National Forest49,090
Orleans Mtn. BSix Rivers National Forest17,183
Orleans Mtn. CSix Rivers National Forest15,589
PacksaddleSix Rivers National Forest3,862
PantherShasta-Trinity National Forest12,016
PattisonShasta-Trinity National Forest29,299
Pilot CreekSix Rivers National Forest9,192
Pine CreekCleveland National Forest503
Pleasant ViewAngeles National Forest26,395
PortugueseKlamath National Forest18,915
Pyramid Peak BSan Bernardino National Forest7,194
Raywood Flat BSan Bernardino National Forest11,373
Red MountainAngeles National Forest8,034
RinconSequoia National Forest54,610
Rock Creek WestInyo National Forest3,626
Rouse HillSan Bernardino National Forest13,745
San DimasAngeles National Forest7,160
San Gabriel AddAngeles National Forest2,527
Santa CruzLos Padres National Forest21,182
Sawmill - BadlandsLos Padres National Forest51,362
Sespe - FrazierLos Padres National Forest106,910
Sheep MountainAngeles National Forest21,098
SiskiyouKlamath National Forest54,039
Siskiyou BSix Rivers National Forest18,871
Slate Mtn.Sequoia National Forest12,299
Snow MountainMendocino National Forest14,457
SoldierModoc National Forest10,102
SoliderSix Rivers National Forest14,918
South ForkShasta-Trinity National Forest16,786
South SierraInyo National Forest41,853
Strawberry PeakAngeles National Forest7,245
SugarloafSan Bernardino National Forest8,206
TequepisLos Padres National Forest9,080
Tom MartinKlamath National Forest9,031
TrabucoCleveland National Forest23,341
TuleAngeles National Forest9,861
Weaver BallyShasta-Trinity National Forest829
Wells MountainShasta-Trinity National Forest5,919
West ForkAngeles National Forest1,169
WestforkAngeles National Forest4,407
Wilderness ContiguousMendocino National Forest3,606
WildhorseCleveland National Forest1,483
Wonoga Pk.Inyo National Forest11,272
WoodpeckerSequoia National Forest11,936
Idaho (2)
AreaForestAcres
NeedlesPayette National Forest131,279
SeceshPayette National Forest248,088
Montana (4)
AreaForestAcres
Buckhorn Ridge (MT)Kootenai National Forest34,716
HoodooLolo National Forest105,162
Selway - Bitterroot (01067)Bitterroot National Forest114,953
Silver KingLolo National Forest12,816
Nevada (15)
AreaForestAcres
Arc Dome - Secret BsnHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest74,782
Charleston - CarpenterHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest17,828
Charleston - ClarkHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest4,674
Currant - East SlopeHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest10,101
Moriah - Hendrys Ck.Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest2,345
Mt. ArdiveyHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest37,984
Rat Trap SpringHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest6,156
Rose - EvansHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest4,782
Rose - Whites CanyonHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest2,568
Snake - Big WashHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest4,146
Snake - ChokecherryHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest30,845
SnowbirdHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest8,859
Spanish PeakHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest31,520
WallaceHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest1,208
WilhoitesHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest11,297
Oregon (15)
AreaForestAcres
Badger CreekMt. Hood National Forest847
Brattain ButteFremont National Forest5,959
Bull Of The WoodsMt. Hood National Forest8,843
Crane MountainFremont National Forest23,096
EagleMt. Hood National Forest16,841
French Pete (a)Willamette National Forest1,668
Hurricane CreekWallowa-Whitman National Forest1,606
Lookout MountainOchoco National Forest14,115
Mt. JeffersonDeschutes National Forest2,282
North KalmiopsisSiskiyou National Forests91,560
Shasta CostaSiskiyou National Forests14,420
Silver CreekOchoco National Forest7,952
Sky Lakes AWinema National Forest3,940
South KalmiopsisSiskiyou National Forests104,477
TenmileSiuslaw National Forest10,818
Utah (12)
AreaForestAcres
418012Uinta National Forest25,758
418013Uinta National Forest14,643
418037Uinta National Forest9,694
Bull ValleyDixie National Forest10,911
Bullion - DelanoFishlake National Forest14,917
Cedar BenchDixie National Forest8,915
Cedar KnollManti-Lasal National Forest22,502
CottonwoodDixie National Forest6,754
Cove CreekFishlake National Forest25,555
Joe LottFishlake National Forest19,826
Pine Valley MountainsDixie National Forest57,673
Stansbury MountainsWasatch-Cache National Forest39,696
Washington (7)
AreaForestAcres
Bear CreekGifford Pinchot National Forest7,980
Big Lava BedGifford Pinchot National Forest19,043
Granite MountainOkanogan National Forest27,428
Long SwampOkanogan National Forest66,344
Mill Creek Watershed (WA)Umatilla National Forest16,747
Slide RidgeWenatchee National Forest11,430
TiffanyOkanogan National Forest22,045
References (18)
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  2. Brandley, M. C., A. Schmitz, and T. W. Reeder. 2005. Partitioned Bayesian analyses, partition choice, and the phylogenetic relationships of scincid lizards. Systematic Biology 54:373-390.
  3. Brandley, M. C., H. Ota, T. Hikida, A.Nieto, M. De Oca, M. Feria-Ortiz, X. Guo, and Y. Wang. 2012. The phylogenetic systematics of blue-tailed skinks (<i>Plestiodon</i>) and the family Scincidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 165(1):163-189.
  4. Collins, J. T. 1990. Standard common and current scientific names for North American amphibians and reptiles. 3rd ed. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. Herpetological Circular No. 19. 41 pp.
  5. Collins, J. T., and T. W. Taggart. 2009. Standard common and current scientific names for North American amphibians, turtles, reptiles, and crocodilians. Sixth edition. The Center for North American Herpetology, Lawrance, Kansas. iv + 44 pp.
  6. Crother, B. I. (editor). 2008. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. Sixth edition. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles Herpetological Circular 37:1-84. Online with updates at: http://www.ssarherps.org/pages/comm_names/Index.php
  7. Crother, B. I. (editor). 2012. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. 7th edition. SSAR Herpetological Circular 39:1-92.
  8. Crother, B. I. (editor). 2017. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. 8th edition. SSAR Herpetological Circular 43:1-104. [Updates in SSAR North American Species Names Database at: https://ssarherps.org/cndb]
  9. Griffith, H., A. Ngo, and R. W. Murphy. 2000. A cladistic evaluation of the cosmopolitan genus <i>Eumeces</i> Wiegmann (Reptilia, Squamata, Scincidae). Russian Journal of Herpetology 7(1):1-16.
  10. Grismer, L. L. 2002. Amphibians and reptiles of Baja California including its Pacific islands and islands in the Sea of Cortes. University of California Press, Berkeley. xiii + 399 pp.
  11. Nussbaum, R.A., E.D. Brodie, Jr., and R.M. Storm. 1983. Amphibians and Reptiles of the Pacific Northwest. University Press of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho. 332 pp.
  12. Richmond, J. Q., and T. W. Reeder. 2002. Evidence for parallel ecological speciation in scincid lizards of the <i>Eumeces skiltonianus</i> species group (Squamata: Scincidae). Evolution 56:1498-1513.
  13. Smith, H. M. 2005. <i>Plestiodon</i>: a replacement name for most members of the genus <i>Eumeces</i> in North America. Journal of Kansas Herpetology 14:15-16.
  14. Stebbins, R. C. 1985a. A field guide to western reptiles and amphibians. Second edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts. xiv + 336 pp.
  15. Stebbins, R. C. 2003. A field guide to western reptiles and amphibians. Third edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.
  16. Tanner, W.W. 1957. A taxonomic and ecological study of the western skink (Eumeces skiltonianus). Great Basin Naturalist 17(3-4):59-94.
  17. Tanner, W. W. 1988. <i>Eumeces skiltonianus</i>. Cat. Am. Amph. Rep. 447:1-4.
  18. Washington Herp Atlas. 2009 (map products updated March 2017). A cooperative effort of Washington Natural Heritage Program, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, U.S.D.I. Bureau of Land Management, and U.S. Forest Service. 250 pp.