Percina smithvanizi

Williams and Walsh, 2007

Muscadine Darter

G3Vulnerable Found in 1 roadless area NatureServe Explorer →
G3VulnerableGlobal Rank
Near threatenedIUCN
MediumThreat Impact
Identity
Unique IDELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.105662
Element CodeAFCQC04X30
Record TypeSPECIES
ClassificationSpecies
Classification StatusStandard
Name CategoryVertebrate Animal
IUCNNear threatened
Endemicendemic to a single nation
KingdomAnimalia
PhylumCraniata
ClassActinopterygii
OrderPerciformes
FamilyPercidae
GenusPercina
Synonyms
Percina sp. 3Percina sp. cf. macrocephela
Other Common Names
Muscadine Bridled Darter (EN)
Concept Reference
Williams, J. D., D. A. Neely, S. J. Walsh and N. M. Burkhead. 2007b. Three new percid fishes (Percidae: Percina) from the Mobile Basin drainage of Alabama, Georgia, and Tennessee. Zootaxa 1549:1-28.
Taxonomic Comments
One of three undescribed species in the muscadine darter group (see Mettee et al. 1996); sometimes referred to as " Percina sp. cf. macrocephala " (e.g., Warren et al. 2000).
Conservation Status
Rank MethodExpertise without calculation
Review Date2012-04-25
Change Date2012-04-25
Edition Date2012-04-25
Edition AuthorsHammerson, G.
Threat ImpactMedium
Range Extent5000-20,000 square km (about 2000-8000 square miles)
Number of Occurrences21 - 80
Rank Reasons
Widely distributed in the Tallapoosa River system in Alabama and Georgia; numerous occurrences; eliminated from some areas by impoundments and possibly by competition with a non-native darter; relatively common in undisturbed streams; better information is needed on population trend.
Range Extent Comments
This darter is restricted to but widely distributed in streams draining the region above the Fall Line in the Tallapoosa River system in eastern Alabama and western Georgia; it is absent from the upper reaches of the Little Tallapoosa River in Georgia (Mettee et al. 1996, Boschung and Mayden 2004, Williams et al. 2007, Page and Burr 2011).
Occurrences Comments
This species is represented by a large number of occurrences (subpopulations). Williams et al. (2007) mapped 50+ collection sites; see also maps in Mettee et al. (1996) and Boschung and Mayden 2004).
Threat Impact Comments
This darter has disappeared from disturbed streams and impoundments associated with mainstream dams on the Tallapoosa River and from most of the headwaters of the Little Tallapoosa River in Georgia (Williams et al. 2007).

In the upper reaches of the Little Tallapoosa River system, the absence of P. smithvanizi in the presence of an introduced population of P. nigrofasciata suggests possible competitive displacement (Williams et al. 2007). If competitive displacement is occurring in the Little Tallapoosa River, the population of P. smithvanizi above the backwaters of R.L. Harris Reservoir may be at risk (Williams et al. 2007).

Warren et al. (2000) categorized this species as vulnerable (may become endangered or threatened by relatively minor disturbance to its habitat or that deserves careful monitoring of its distribution and abundance). Freeman et al. (2005) also regarded it as vulnerable. Boschung and Mayden (2004) recommended "Threatened" conservation status for this species in Alabama but did not mention the basis for that recommendation.

Wieland and Ramsey (1987) stated that the ubiquitous distribution of this species in the upper Tallapoosa River system "mitigates its otherwise narrow requirements, and it is doubtful the species will become extirpated in that area."
Ecology & Habitat

Habitat

Habitat includes rocky riffles and flowing pools and runs of creeks and small rivers (Page and Burr 2011). Habitat in the Tallapoosa River proper (width 75-125 meters, depth 0.5-1 meters) and in tributaries (width 4-5 meters, depth 0.2-1 meters and larger) includes clear water flowing over sand, gravel, rubble, and bedrock, in pools below riffles as well as riffles with moderate current, and occasionally margins of large rocks in areas of fast flowing water (Wieland and Ramsey 1987, Boschung and Mayden 2004, Williams et al. 2007). Larger individuals were found in areas of swift current, whereas smaller ones were in habitats with more moderate flow (Williams et al. 2007).

Reproduction

Spawns March-July, with a peak in April; sexually mature in 1 year; evidently lives up to 2-3 years (Wieland and Ramsey 1987, Mettee et al. 1996, Boschung and Mayden 2004).
Other Nations (1)
United StatesN3
ProvinceRankNative
AlabamaS2Yes
GeorgiaS2Yes
Roadless Areas (1)
Alabama (1)
AreaForestAcres
Blue MountainTalladega National Forest4,986
References (12)
  1. Boschung, H. T., and R. L. Mayden. 2004. Fishes of Alabama. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. 960 pp.
  2. Freeman, M. C., E. R. Irwin, N. M. Burkhead, B. J. Freeman, and H. L. Bart, Jr. 2005. Status and conservation of the fish fauna of the Alabama River system. American Fisheries Society Symposium 45:557-585.
  3. Jelks, H. L., S. J. Walsh, N. M. Burkhead, S. Contreras-Balderas, E. Díaz-Pardo, D. A. Hendrickson, J. Lyons, N. E. Mandrak, F. McCormick, J. S. Nelson, S. P. Platania, B. A. Porter, C. B. Renaud, J. Jacobo Schmitter-Soto, E. B. Taylor, and M.L. Warren, Jr. 2008. Conservation status of imperiled North American freshwater and diadromous fishes. Fisheries 33(8):372-407.
  4. Johnston, C. E., K. J. Kleiner, and S. J. Herrington. 2002. Seasonal, diel, and spawning habitat of the rare muscadine darter (<i>Percina </i>sp.) in the Conasauga River, Georgia. Southeastern Fishes Council Proceedings (44):1-5.
  5. Mettee, M. F., P. E. O'Neil, and J. M. Pierson. 1996. Fishes of Alabama and the Mobile Basin. Oxmoor House, Birmingham, Alabama. 820 pp.
  6. Page, L. M., and B. M. Burr. 1991. A field guide to freshwater fishes: North America north of Mexico. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts. 432 pp.
  7. Page, L. M., and B. M. Burr. 2011. Peterson field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Second edition. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Boston. xix + 663 pp.
  8. Page, L. M., H. Espinosa-Pérez, L. T. Findley, C. R. Gilbert, R. N. Lea, N. E. Mandrak, R. L. Mayden, and J. S. Nelson. 2013. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Seventh edition. American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 34, Bethesda, Maryland.
  9. Page, L. M., K. E. Bemis, T. E. Dowling, H.S. Espinosa-Pérez, L.T. Findley, C. R. Gilbert, K. E. Hartel, R. N. Lea, N. E. Mandrak, M. A. Neigbors, J. J. Schmitter-Soto, and H. J. Walker, Jr. 2023. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Eighth edition. American Fisheries Society (AFS), Special Publication 37, Bethesda, Maryland, 439 pp.
  10. Warren, M. L., Jr., B. M. Burr, S. J. Walsh, H. L. Bart, Jr., R. C. Cashner, D. A. Etnier, B. J. Freeman, B. R. Kuhajda, R. L. Mayden, H. W. Robison, S. T. Ross, and W. C. Starnes. 2000. Diversity, distribution, and conservation status of the native freshwater fishes of the southern United States. Fisheries 25(10):7-31.
  11. Wieland, W., and J. S. Ramsey. 1987. Ecology of the muscadine darter, <i>Percina </i>sp. cf. <i>macrocephala</i>, in the Tallapoosa River, Alabama, with comments on related species. Southeastern Fishes Council Proceedings 17:5-17.
  12. Williams, J. D., D. A. Neely, S. J. Walsh and N. M. Burkhead. 2007b. Three new percid fishes (Percidae: <i>Percina</i>) from the Mobile Basin drainage of Alabama, Georgia, and Tennessee. Zootaxa 1549:1-28.