Botrychium ascendens

W.H. Wagner

Upward-lobed Moonwort

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G4Apparently SecureGlobal Rank
MediumThreat Impact
Identity
Unique IDELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.133668
Element CodePPOPH010S0
Record TypeSPECIES
ClassificationSpecies
Classification StatusStandard
Name CategoryVascular Plant
Endemicoccurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations
KingdomPlantae
PhylumFilicinophyta
ClassOphioglossopsida
OrderOphioglossales
FamilyOphioglossaceae
GenusBotrychium
Other Common Names
Botryche ascendant (FR) Triangle-lobe Moonwort (EN) trianglelobe moonwort (EN) Upswept Moonwort (EN)
Concept Reference
Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.
Taxonomic Comments
Wagner (in FNA Vol.2) notes that B. ascendens is a distinctive species "that grows with B. crenulatum, B. lunaria, and B. minganense. This species and B. pedunculosum [which has a similar range, but is not known from Alaska] are the only grapeferns that often have extra sporangia on the proximal pinnae."
Conservation Status
Rank Method Rank calculation - Biotics v2
Review Date2022-12-16
Change Date2022-12-16
Edition Date2022-12-16
Edition AuthorsD. Gries (1997), rev. L. Morse (1998, 1999), rev. A. Olivero (2003), rev. C. Nordman (2022).
Threat ImpactMedium
Range Extent>2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)
Number of Occurrences81 - 300
Rank Reasons
Botrychium ascendens is widely scattered and mostly occurs in very small populations, however is found across North America, perhaps at about 200 locations in the United States and Canada. Threat impacts are considered medium, and it occurs on various protected conservation lands across its range. Due to the small size of the plants and the scattered habitat, this species may be more abundant than presently known (Fertig 2000).
Range Extent Comments
Botrychium ascendens occurs in western, northern and northeastern North America, in the United States and Canada. It occurs from southern Alaska and southwestern Yukon Territory, south at higher elevations in the mountains of California, southern Nevada, Montana, Wyoming and Colorado, across Canada to Newfoundland, and in northern Minnesota, and New England in the United States. The range extent is estimated to be 12.5 million square kilometers (CNDDB 2022, GBIF 2022, iNaturalist 2022, NatureServe 2022, SEINet 2022).
Occurrences Comments
There may be 200 occurrences of Botrychium ascendens, throughout its range in North America (CNDDB 2022, GBIF 2022, iNaturalist 2022, NatureServe 2022, SEINet 2022).
Threat Impact Comments
Botrychium ascendens may be threatened by long-term lack of fire and/or high intensity wildland fire in woodlands naturally prone to more frequent, low intensity fire, and by changes in the hydrology of its riparian, or wet meadow habitat, such as from dams or water diversion or use (Fertig 2000, Vanderhorst 1997). Botrychium species depend on vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM), and while the species of fungal symbiont may not be known for B. ascendens, landuse change, development and other severe disturbances to its habitat, which disrupt the soil mycorrhizae are likely a threat, and undermine the recruitment of new Botrychium plants (Beatty et al. 2003).
Ecology & Habitat

Description

Upward-lobed Moonwort is a small, perennial fern with a single aboveground frond. The frond is usually about 10 cm tall, yellow-green, and divided into two segments which share a common stalk. The mostly sterile segment is once pinnatifid with up to six pairs of strongly ascending, narrowly triangular pinnae which have deeply lacerate margins. The sterile segment often has a few sporangia on the margins of the pinnae or on small branches. The fertile segment is longer than the sterile segment, is branched, and bears grape-like sporangia. Spores germinate underground and develop into minute, subterranean, non-photosynthetic gametophytes which depend on an endophytic fungus for nourishment.

Diagnostic Characteristics

Strongly ascending pinnae with lacerate margins and a yellow-green color are diagnostic of Botrychium ascendens. This species and B. pedunculosum are the only grapeferns that often have extra sporangia on the proximal pinnae (Wagner and Wagner, in Flora of North America Editorial Committee 1993). It may be easily confused with B. crenulatum, B. minganense, and B. montanum. Reliable field determination of moonworts depends on the careful use of technical keys and on comparison with silhouette outlines of verified specimens. Identification can be complicated because there is often a high degree of morphological variability between individuals in a population and between populations of the same species; several species may grow together at the same site. Also, the few diagnostic characters may not be apparent in small plants.

Habitat

Botrychium ascendens occurs in open habitats and microsites with evidence of slight to moderate disturbances, such as lower montane mesic coniferous forest, open subalpine slopes, and mountain and riparian meadows. It has been found with other species of Botrychium and with Pinus jeffreyi (yellow pine), Picea engelmannii (Engelmann spruce), Thuja plicata (western red cedar), and Abies lasiocarpa (subalpine fir). It occurs from near sea level in Quebec to 3535 meters (11600 feet) elevation in Colorado (Ackerfield 2015, Beatty et al. 2003, SEINet 2022, Wagner and Wagner, in Flora of North America Editorial Committee 1993).

Reproduction

Botrychium
Terrestrial Habitats
Forest/WoodlandForest - ConiferGrassland/herbaceous
Palustrine Habitats
SCRUB-SHRUB WETLANDFORESTED WETLANDRiparian
Other Nations (2)
CanadaN4
ProvinceRankNative
Yukon TerritorySUYes
AlbertaS3Yes
Nova ScotiaS1Yes
OntarioS1Yes
QuebecS1Yes
Island of NewfoundlandS1Yes
SaskatchewanS1Yes
British ColumbiaS4Yes
United StatesN3
ProvinceRankNative
MontanaS3Yes
VermontS1Yes
WyomingS2Yes
CaliforniaS3Yes
WashingtonS2Yes
ColoradoS1Yes
MinnesotaS1Yes
IdahoS1Yes
OregonS2Yes
NevadaS1Yes
AlaskaS2Yes
Threat Assessments
ThreatScopeSeverityTiming
1 - Residential & commercial developmentSmall (1-10%)Serious or 31-70% pop. declineHigh (continuing)
7 - Natural system modificationsRestricted (11-30%)Serious or 31-70% pop. declineHigh (continuing)
7.1 - Fire & fire suppressionRestricted (11-30%)Moderate or 11-30% pop. declineHigh (continuing)
7.2 - Dams & water management/useSmall (1-10%)Serious or 31-70% pop. declineHigh (continuing)

Plant Characteristics
DurationPERENNIAL
Economic Value (Genus)No
Roadless Areas (7)
California (3)
AreaForestAcres
Birch CreekInyo National Forest28,816
Boundary Peak (CA)Inyo National Forest210,884
Mokelumne - SprattHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest613
Nevada (2)
AreaForestAcres
Boundary Peak (NV)Inyo National Forest21,851
SugarloafInyo National Forest11,534
Oregon (1)
AreaForestAcres
Hurricane CreekWallowa-Whitman National Forest1,606
Vermont (1)
AreaForestAcres
Griffith Lake 09084Green Mountain and Finger Lakes National Forests1,833
References (30)
  1. Ackerfield, J. 2015. Flora of Colorado. Botanical Research Institute of Texas, Fort Worth, TX. 818 pp.
  2. Ahlenslager, K. and L. Potash. 2007. Conservation Assessment for 13 Species of Moonworts (<i>Botrychium</i> Swartz Subgenus <i>Botrychium</i>). USDA Forest Service Region 6 and USDI Bureau of Land Management, Oregon and Washington. Online. Available: https://www.blm.gov/or/plans/surveyandmanage/files/ca-va-botrychium-13-species-2007-04-18.pdf (Accessed 2022)
  3. Argus, G.W., and D.J. White, eds. 1982. Atlas of the rare vascular plants of Ontario. Part 1. National Museum Natural Science, Ottawa.
  4. Beatty, B.L., W.F. Jennings, and R.C. Rawlinson. 2003. <i>Botrychium ascendens</i> W.H. Wagner (trianglelobe moonwort), <i>Botrychium crenulatum</i> W.H. Wagner (scalloped moonwort), and <i>Botrychium lineare</i> W.H. Wagner (narrowleaf grapefern): A Technical Conservation Assessment. Prepared for the USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region, Species Conservation Project. Online. Available: https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb5238516.pdf (Accessed 2022)
  5. California Natural Diversity Database (CNDDB). 2022. RareFind Version 5.2.14. California Department of Fish and Game, Sacramento.
  6. Cody, W.J. 1996. The flora of the Yukon Territory. National Research Council of Canada Research Press, Ottawa, Canada. 643 pp.
  7. Fertig, W. 2000. November 24-last update. <i>Botrychium ascendens </i>State Species Abstract. Online. Available: http://uwadmnweb.uwyo.edu/WYNDD/PDF_files/Plant_Summaries/B/Botrychium%20ascendens.pdf. Accessed 2003, May 6.
  8. Flora of North America Editorial Committee (FNA). 1993a. Flora of North America north of Mexico. Vol. 2. Pteridophytes and gymnosperms. Oxford Univ. Press, New York. xvi + 475 pp.
  9. Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). 2022. Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) data portal. Online. Available: https://www.gbif.org/ (accessed 2022).
  10. Heron, K., M.D. Windham, D.R. Farrar, and K.M. Pryer. 2021. Looking Back on 130 Years of Fern and Lycophyte Research in Glacier National Park, Montana: A Modern Taxonomic Account. American Fern Journal 111(4):223–250.
  11. Idaho Dept. of Fish and Game (IDFG). 1999. Idaho Species of Special Concern. Online: http://www.state.id.us/fishgame/ngconcrn.htm.
  12. iNaturalist. 2022. Online. Available: https://www.inaturalist.org. Accessed 28 February 2022.
  13. Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.
  14. Kartesz, J.T. 1999. A synonymized checklist and atlas with biological attributes for the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. First edition. In: Kartesz, J.T., and C.A. Meacham. Synthesis of the North American Flora, Version 1.0. North Carolina Botanical Garden, Chapel Hill, N.C.
  15. Kartesz, J.T., and C. Meacham. 1998a. Unpublished review draft of Floristic Synthesis, 8 Jan. 1998. North Carolina Botanical Garden, Chapel Hill, NC.
  16. Lesica, P. and K. Ahlenslager. 1989. Demographic monitoring of three species of BOTRYCHIUM (Ophioglossaceae) in Waterton Lakes Park, Alberta. Unpublished 1989 progress report, 5 pp. plus appendices.
  17. Lipkin, R. and D.F. Murray. 1997. Alaska rare plant field guide. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Park Service, Bureau of Land Management, Alaska Natural Heritage Program, and U.S. Forest Service. 84 pp. (unpaginated)
  18. Mantas, M. and R. S. Wirt. 1995. Moonworts of western Montana (BOTRYCHIUM subgenus BOTRYCHIUM). Flathead National Forest. 103 pp.
  19. Montana Natural Heritage Program. 2003. 3 September 2002 last update. <i>Botrychium ascendens</i> W.H. Wagner. Montana Natural Heritage Program. Online. Available: http://nhp.nris.state.mt.us/plants/pguide.asp (Accessed 2003).
  20. Morefield, J.D., editor. 2001. Nevada rare plant atlas [with rare plant fact sheets]. Available as a pdf file at: http://heritage.nv.gov/atlas/atlas.html. Compiled by the Nevada Natural Heritage Program, Carson City, for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Reno, Nevada.
  21. NatureServe. 2022. NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia.
  22. Paris, C. A., F. S. Wagner and W. H. Wagner, Jr. 1989. Cryptic species, species delimitation, and taxonomic practice in the homosporus ferns. Amer. Fern J. 79:46-54.
  23. Skinner, M.W., and B.M. Pavlik, eds. 1997 (1994). Inventory of rare and endangered vascular plants of California. 1997 Electronic Inventory Update of 1994 5th edition, California Native Plant Society, Special Publication No. 1, Sacramento.
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  25. Vanderhorst, J. 1997. Conservation assessment of sensitive moonworts (Ophioglossaceaee; <u><i>Botrychium </i></u>subgenus <i>Botrychium</i>) on the Kootenai National Forest. Montana Natural Heritage Program, Helena, Montana. 82 pp + appendices.
  26. Wagner, D.H. 1992. Guide to the species of <i>Botrychium</i> in Oregon. Biology Dept., University of Oregon, Eugene. 19 pp. + Figures.
  27. Wagner, Jr., W. H., F. S. Wagner, C. Haufler and J. K. Emerson. 1984. A new nothospecies of moonwort (Ophioglossaceae, BOTRYCHIUM). Canadian Journal of Botany 62:629-634.
  28. Wagner, W.H. Jr. and F.S. Wagner. 1986. Three new species of moonworts (<i>Botrychium</i> subg. <i>Botrychium</i>) endemic in western North America. American Fern Journal 76(2):33-47.
  29. Wagner, W.H., Jr. and F.S. Wagner. 1990. Notes on the fan-leaflet group of moonworts in North America with descriptions of two new members. American Fern Journal 80(3):73-81.
  30. Wagner, W.H., Jr., and F. Wagner. 1981. New species of moonworts, <i>Botrychium </i>subg. <i>Botrychium </i>(Ophioglossaceae), from North America. American Fern J. 71(1):20, 26.