Fritillaria ojaiensis

A. Davids.

Ojai Fritillary

G3Vulnerable Found in 16 roadless areas NatureServe Explorer →
G3VulnerableGlobal Rank
MediumThreat Impact
Identity
Unique IDELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.154873
Element CodePMLIL0V0N0
Record TypeSPECIES
ClassificationSpecies
Classification StatusStandard
Name CategoryVascular Plant
Endemicendemic to a single state or province
KingdomPlantae
PhylumAnthophyta
ClassMonocotyledoneae
OrderLiliales
FamilyLiliaceae
GenusFritillaria
Concept Reference
Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.
Taxonomic Comments
Once considered a variant of Fritillaria affinis, Fritillaria ojaiensis is now considered a distinct species by most treatments.
Conservation Status
Rank Method Rank calculation - Biotics v2
Review Date2020-06-03
Change Date2020-06-03
Edition Date2020-06-03
Edition AuthorsMaybury, K., rev. K. Gravuer and D. Magney (2010), rev. R. Bittman (2015, 2018), rev. Treher (2020)
Threat ImpactMedium
Range Extent1000-5000 square km (about 400-2000 square miles)
Number of Occurrences21 - 80
Rank Reasons
Fritillaria ojaiensis is known for certain from the Western Transverse and Outer South Coast Ranges of Ventura and Santa Barbara Counties, California. It has also been reported from San Luis Obispo and Monterey Counties, but those plants are somewhat different in appearance and their identification awaits confirmation by a specialist. Approximately 49 occurrences are known, of which 20 are historical and need to be surveyed. Most occurrences are relatively small in size and limited in area occupied; the total population may be less than a thousand plants. Nearly all known occurrences are on U.S. Forest Service lands, where potential threats include road, trail, and campground maintenance; recreational activities including hiking and mountain biking; and construction/maintenance of fuelbreaks, particularly in Ventura County.
Range Extent Comments
Fritillaria ojaiensis is endemic to California and found in the Western Transverse and Outer South Coast Ranges, primarily in the central portion of Ventura County (Topatopa Mountains and Nordhoff Ridge), extending westward along the Santa Ynez and San Rafael Mountains of Santa Barbara County. It has also been reported from San Luis Obispo and Monterey Counties, but the plants from these locations are somewhat different in appearance and it is still questionable whether they can be confidently assigned to this species. For example, the flowers of the San Luis Obispo County occurrences look quite different than the Santa Barbara and Ventura County populations in that the San Luis Obispo plants have a distinctive patterning of purple on each tepal (D. Magney pers. comm. 2010). Similarly, Painter (2004, cited in USFS 2005) stated that material from Monterey County "needs determination by specialists or knowledgeable taxonomist." If San Luis Obispo and Monterey County occurrences were confirmed, the distribution would extend northward into the Santa Lucia Mountains.
Occurrences Comments
There are 49 occurrences but 20 sites are historical and need to be surveyed to determine if plants and habitat are extant. Some targeted surveys for this species have been conducted (USFS 2005, D. Magney pers. comm. 2010) and knowledge of its distribution on National Forest System lands is considered moderate (Stephenson and Calcarone 1999). However, some populations may yet await discovery because the species has a cryptic growth form (easily overlooked when growing among grasses and other vegetation), blooms early when fewer botanical surveys are conducted, and tends to grow in relatively inaccessible areas, like steep unstable slopes (USFS 2005).
Threat Impact Comments
The species is threatened by development at sites on private land and is protected from it on National Forest Lands, where many occurrences are found (CNPS Channel Islands Chapter 2010). The overall vulnerability of the species on National Forest System lands is considered to be low (Stephenson and Calcarone 1999). Potential threats on National Forest System lands are related to road maintenance including mowing, recreation, and construction/maintenance of fuelbreaks (USFS 2005). Fuel break work could put one or more occurrences at risk since the Ventura County Fire Department does not conduct any field surveys for sensitive biological resources before engaging in brush clearance work or grading (D. Magney pers. comm. 2010). Recreation related threats include trail maintenance and switchback cutting, campground maintenance, foot traffic by hikers, and heavy mountain bike use.
Ecology & Habitat

Description

A perennial herb in the Lily family that re-sprouts from an underground bulb each year. The bulbs have 3-5 large scales and 1-3 small scales. First to emerge from the bulb are solitary flat, broadly ovate basal leaves that grow along the ground up to 15 cm long; these leaves are usually separate from flowering stems). The erect flowering stalk then emerges (1 stalk per plant) and grows 40-70 cm in height. The cauline leaves grow in 1-3 whorls of 3-5(-8) leaves near the base, becoming opposite to alternate on the middle and upper portions of the stem. They are 4-13 cm long and linear to narrowly lanceolate in shape. The flowering stalk features 3 to 20 (rarely that many) nodding, bowl- or bell-shaped, flowers. The tepals (petals and sepals look the same) are thick and 1.5 to 3 cm across with each tepal widely lanceolate with tongue-shaped tips. The flowers are a dull green to greenish-yellow in color; they are externally unspotted and internally have a random series of dark purple-brown, irregularly shaped spots, denser around the gland and near the base (creating an arching pattern); in some flowers these coalesce as a soild red-brown central ring. The nectary is one-third the length of the tepals; it is diamond- to ovate-shaped and paler than the rest of the flower.The fruit capsule is winged and greenish. Flowering (February-)March-April(-May).

Diagnostic Characteristics

Distinguished from similar congeners by floral characters and geographic range (Ness 1993 cited in USFS 2005).

Habitat

Fritillaria ojaiensis occurs in moist shaded areas on slopes and is primarily associated with mesic Coast Live Oak Woodland and California Bay Forest vegetation (often near drainages/river basins) but sometimes with mesic chaparral or lower montane coniferous forest (Pseudotsuga macrocarpa-Umbellularia californica Woodland Alliance), as at the type locality. It typically grows under the canopy of trees and large shrubs, although a few sites are more open. Substrates of the habitat tend to be rocky, with some sites described as talus and soils include sandy loam and shaley loam. It appears to prefer north-facing slopes. It is believed to be capable of recovering from fire, as one subpopulation was discovered after a wildfire. Common plant associates include Quercus agrifolia (Coast Live Oak), Umbellularia californica (California Bay), Acer macrophyllum (Bigleaf Maple), Sanicula crassicaulis (Pacific Snakeroot or Sanicle), Polypodium californicum (California Polypody Fern), and Heteromeles salicifolia (Toyon). Other plant species of the habitat include Pentagramma triangularis, Sanicula arguta, Arctostaphylos glandulosa, Pseudotsuga macrocarpa, Rhamnus ilicifolia, Tauschia arguta, Toxicodendron diversilobum, Adenostoma fasciculatum, Ceanothus crassifolius, Ceanothus oliganthus, Castilleja martinii, Drypoteris arguta, Dudleya lanceolata, Eriophyllum confertiflorum, Galium aparine, Garrya veatchii, Keckiella cordifolia, Lessingia filaginifolia, Mimulus aurantiacus, Mimulus longiflorus var. longiflorus, Pellaea mucronata, Potentilla glandulosa, Quercus berberidifolia, Ribes malvaceum, Ribes speciosum, and Woodwardia fimbriata. It occurs at elevations of 300 to 700(1000) meters.
Terrestrial Habitats
Forest/WoodlandForest - HardwoodForest - ConiferForest - MixedWoodland - HardwoodShrubland/chaparralBare rock/talus/scree
Other Nations (1)
United StatesN3
ProvinceRankNative
CaliforniaS3Yes
Threat Assessments
ThreatScopeSeverityTiming
1 - Residential & commercial developmentSmall (1-10%)Serious or 31-70% pop. declineHigh (continuing)
4 - Transportation & service corridorsRestricted (11-30%)Serious - moderateHigh (continuing)
4.1 - Roads & railroadsRestricted (11-30%)Serious - moderateHigh (continuing)
6 - Human intrusions & disturbanceLarge (31-70%)Moderate or 11-30% pop. declineHigh (continuing)
6.1 - Recreational activitiesLarge (31-70%)Moderate or 11-30% pop. declineHigh (continuing)
7 - Natural system modificationsUnknownUnknownHigh (continuing)
7.1 - Fire & fire suppressionUnknownUnknownHigh (continuing)

Plant Characteristics
DurationPERENNIAL
Economic Value (Genus)No
Roadless Areas (16)
California (16)
AreaForestAcres
CamuesaLos Padres National Forest8,209
DiableLos Padres National Forest19,597
Dry LakesLos Padres National Forest17,043
Horseshoe SpringsLos Padres National Forest14,089
JuncalLos Padres National Forest12,289
La BreaLos Padres National Forest14,031
Little PineLos Padres National Forest1,315
Lpoor CanyonLos Padres National Forest13,762
Malduce BuckhornLos Padres National Forest14,177
MatilijaLos Padres National Forest5,218
MonoLos Padres National Forest28,141
NordhoffLos Padres National Forest12,031
Santa CruzLos Padres National Forest21,182
Sespe - FrazierLos Padres National Forest106,910
TequepisLos Padres National Forest9,080
White LedgeLos Padres National Forest18,632
References (10)
  1. California Native Plant Society Channel Islands Chapter. 2010, 10 January last update. Rare Plant Profiles: Fritillaria ojaiensis. Online. Available: http://www.cnpsci.org/PlantInfo/RarePlants/RarePlantProfile-Fritillaria_ojaiensis.htm (Accessed 2010).
  2. California Native Plant Society (CNPS). 2010. Inventory of Rare and Endangered Plants. California Native Plant Society. Sacramento, CA. Online. Available: http://www.cnps.org/inventory (accessed 2010).
  3. California Natural Diversity Database (CNDDB). 2015. RareFind Version 5.1.1. California Department of Fish and Game, Sacramento, CA.
  4. Fiedler, P.L. 1996. Rare Lilies of California. California Native Plant Society Press, Sacramento, California. 154 pp.
  5. Flora of North America Editorial Committee (FNA). 2002a. Flora of North America north of Mexico. Vol. 26. Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales. Oxford Univ. Press, New York. xxvi + 723 pp.
  6. Hickman, J. C., ed. 1993. The Jepson manual: Higher plants of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA. 1400 pp.
  7. Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.
  8. Magney, David L. Personal communication. President, David Magney Environmental Consulting, Ojai, CA.
  9. Stephenson, J. R., and G. M. Calcarone. 1999. Southern California mountains and foothills assessment: habitat and species conservation issues. General Technical Report GTR-PSW-175. Albany, CA: Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. 402 pp.
  10. U.S. Forest Service (USFS). 2005. Species Accounts - Plants. Technical report used to develop Land Management Plans for the Angeles, Cleveland, Los Padres, and San Bernardino National Forests. Online. Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/r5/scfpr/projects/lmp/docs/species-plants.pdf (Accessed 2009).