Ilex collina

Alexander

Long-stalk Holly

G3Vulnerable Found in 6 roadless areas NatureServe Explorer →
G3VulnerableGlobal Rank
VulnerableIUCN
UnknownThreat Impact
Identity
Unique IDELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.154417
Element CodePDAQU01080
Record TypeSPECIES
ClassificationSpecies
Classification StatusStandard
Name CategoryVascular Plant
IUCNVulnerable
Endemicendemic to a single nation
KingdomPlantae
PhylumAnthophyta
ClassDicotyledoneae
OrderCelastrales
FamilyAquifoliaceae
GenusIlex
Synonyms
Nemopanthus collinus(Alexander) R. Clark
Other Common Names
Hill Holly (EN) longstalk holly (EN)
Concept Reference
Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.
Conservation Status
Rank MethodLegacy Rank calculation - Biotics v1
Review Date2020-04-21
Change Date1988-03-14
Edition Date2020-04-21
Edition AuthorsOrmes, M., and Morse L.E. (1983); rev. D. Walton (1996), rev. L. Morse (2003), minor rev. K. Gravuer (2008), rev. Treher (2018, 2020).
Threat ImpactUnknown
Range Extent20,000-200,000 square km (about 8000-80,000 square miles)
Number of Occurrences21 - 80
Rank Reasons
Ilex collina is rare in North Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia, Tennessee, and Georgia at high elevations in streamside and boggy habitats of the Appalachian Mountains. There are 30 extant occurrences in five states. There are three historic occurrences and 12 with poor viability or site conditions that may indicate a downward trend. Threats to the species are alteration of hydrology, which can be influenced by logging and tree removal, but most occurrences are on protected lands (National Park or Forest Service Lands) where threats may be limited. Because of its high elevation habitat, climate change is a potential threat.
Range Extent Comments
Ilex collina occurs in North Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia, Tennessee, and Georgia. In West Virginia, it occurs in Greenbrier, Nicholas, Pocahontas, Randolph, and Webster Counties, with the largest population on the Cheat River. It occurs in Giles, Grayson, Tazewell County, Virginia and the mountains of northeastern North Carolina, as well as in Sevier County in Tennessee and Towns County in Georgia.
Occurrences Comments
Ilex collina is regionally restricted and occurrences are noted for five states. Overall there are 27 extant and 3 historical occurrences. There is one extant occurrence in Georgia and four in North Carolina. There are 21 extant and one historic occurrence in West Virginia. In Virginia, there are 2 extant and 2 historic occurrences. The number of occurrences in Tennessee is unknown but it is restricted to Sevier County in Great Smokey Mountains National Park (Tennessee Flora Committee 2015).
Threat Impact Comments
Ilex collina is threatened by timbering (especially cutting trees in close proximity to waterways), mining, and changes in hydrology to local streams and wetlands through beaver activity and removal of streamside trees. Although the habitat lends itself to many other uses, much of the habitat in the species range is to some degree protected. One site is threatened by non-native horses. Climate change is a potential threat, as this species occurs at high elevations.
Ecology & Habitat

Description

Alternate branched deciduous shrub or tree up to 4 m tall with elliptic leaves, small stalked yellow-green flowers, and stalked red berries. Flowers and berries appear to occur individually or as groups of just a few along the length of a twig.

Diagnostic Characteristics

Fruits on 10-15 mm long pedicels.

Habitat

Ilex collina occurs in high elevation oligotrophic wetlands along streams, and streamheads from 2120-4815 ft. It often occurs in association with Tsuga canadensis, Betula lenta, Ilex montana, Picea rubens, and Rhododendron maximum.

Ecology

North Carolina -- Ilex collina occurs in tall shrub thickets and has been noted on one western slope in a creek valley. Plants associated with this species include Aronia sp., Carex trisperma, Epilobium leptophyllum, Kalmia sp., Lilium grayi, Lonicera canadensis, L. dioica, Rhododendron sp., Salix sp., Saxifraga pensylvanica, and Vaccinium sp. (NCNHP, 1996).

Virginia -- This species occurs along bog borders, beaver ponds, mucky ground, hydric peat, and oligotrophic saturated wetlands. It grows in sun and has been noted on a 3% slope with an eastern aspect. The elevations for these occurrences ranged from 3000-4815 ft. The generalized communities have been described as sphagnum/sedge bogs and open shrub near hardwood forest and including some spruce. It is associated with the following plants: Acer rubrum, Betula alleghaniensis, B. lenta, Glyceria melicaria, Osmunda cinnamomea, Picea rubens, Pinus strobus, Rhododendron arborescens, R. maximum, Tsuga canadensis, and Viburnum cassinoides (VANHP, 1995).

West Virginia -- This species in noted in wetland areas (bog, marsh, and swamp), river edges, high energy and/or scoured (rock sand and cobble) riverbanks, sandstone soils, and northern hardwoods. Elevations for occurrences ranged from 2150 to 4500 ft. Associated plant species included Acer rubrum, Aconitum uncinatum, Agrostis perennans, Betula alleghaniensis, B. lenta, Brachyelytrum erectum, Calamagrostis canadensis, Cicuta maculata, Clintonia borealis, Dennstaedtia punctilobula, Fagus grandifolia, Galium obtusum, Hamamelis virginiana, Ilex montana, Kalmia sp., Liriodendron tulipifera, Maianthemum canadense, Physocarpus opulifolius, Picea rubens, Quercus rubra, Rhododendron aborescens, Solidago graminifolia, Thalictrum polygamum, and Tsuga canadensis (WVNHP, 1996).

Reproduction

Ilex collina reproduces sexually; flowering in May. The plant is dioecious (Ammons and Core, 1945).
Terrestrial Habitats
Forest/WoodlandForest - ConiferForest - Mixed
Palustrine Habitats
FORESTED WETLANDRiparian
Other Nations (1)
United StatesN3
ProvinceRankNative
North CarolinaS1Yes
VirginiaS1Yes
TennesseeS1Yes
GeorgiaS1Yes
West VirginiaS2Yes
Threat Assessments
ThreatScopeSeverityTiming
3 - Energy production & miningSmall (1-10%)UnknownHigh (continuing)
5 - Biological resource useUnknownUnknownHigh (continuing)
5.3 - Logging & wood harvestingUnknownUnknownHigh (continuing)
8 - Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseasesPervasive (71-100%)UnknownHigh (continuing)
8.1 - Invasive non-native/alien species/diseasesSmall (1-10%)UnknownHigh (continuing)
8.2 - Problematic native species/diseasesPervasive (71-100%)UnknownHigh (continuing)
11 - Climate change & severe weatherUnknownUnknownModerate - low

Plant Characteristics
DurationPERENNIAL
Economic Value (Genus)No
Roadless Areas (6)
West Virginia (6)
AreaForestAcres
Cheat MountainMonongahela National Forest8,191
Cranberry AdditionMonongahela National Forest11,123
Cranberry Glades Botanical AreaMonongahela National Forest785
Falls Of Hills CreekMonongahela National Forest6,925
Little MountainMonongahela National Forest8,172
Turkey MountainMonongahela National Forest6,421
References (13)
  1. Alexander, Edward J. 1941. Two new species from the southern Appalachians. Castanea. 6:30-32.
  2. Ammons, N., and E.L. Core. 1945. The Hollies of West Virginia. Castanea 10: 57-60.
  3. Baas, P. 1984. Vegetative Anatomy and the Taxonomic Status of Ilex collina and Nemopanthus (Aquifoliaceae). J. Arn. Arb. 65: 243-250.
  4. Brooks, A.B. 1936. A new holly for West Virginia. Journal of the Southern Appalachian Botanical Club 1: 83-85.
  5. Brooks, M. 1940. A new form of <i>Ilex longipes</i> Chapman. Castanea 5(2): 15-16.
  6. Gleason, H.A., and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York. 910 pp.
  7. Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.
  8. Porter, D.M. 1991. Virginia's Endangered Species: Proceeding of a Symposium. Coordinated by Karen Terwilliger. Nongame and Endangered Species Program, Virginia Dept. of Game and Inland Fisheries. The MacDonald and Woodward Publishing Co. Blacksburg, VA.
  9. Southern Appalachian Species Viability Project. 2002. A partnership between the U.S. Forest Service-Region 8, Natural Heritage Programs in the Southeast, NatureServe, and independent scientists to develop and review data on 1300+ regionally and locally rare species in the Southern Appalachian and Alabama region. Database (Access 97) provided to the U.S. Forest Service by NatureServe, Durham, North Carolina.
  10. Strausbaugh, P.D., and E.L. Core. 1978. Flora of West Virginia. Seneca Books, Inc., Grantsville, WV. 1079 pp.
  11. Tennessee Flora Committee. 2015. Guide to the Vascular Plants of Tennessee. The University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, TN. 813 pp.
  12. USDA, Natural Resources Conservation Service, PLANTS Database [USDA PLANTS]. http://plants.usda.gov/. Accessed 2015.
  13. Woods, F. 1951. The status of <i>Ilex collina</i>. Castanea 16: 126-127.