Lactarius crassus

(Singer & A.H. Sm.) Pierotti

a fungus

G3Vulnerable (G3G4) Found in 1 roadless area NatureServe Explorer →
G3VulnerableGlobal Rank
Medium - lowThreat Impact
Identity
Unique IDELEMENT_GLOBAL.57.9793
Element CodeNFSM000009
Record TypeSPECIES
ClassificationSpecies
Classification StatusStandard
Name CategoryFungus
Endemicendemic to a single nation
KingdomFungi
PhylumBasidiomycota
ClassBasidiomycetes
OrderRussulales
FamilyRussulaceae
GenusLactarius
Synonyms
Arcangeliella crassaSinger & A.H. Sm.
Concept Reference
Castellano, M. A., J. E. Smith, T. O'Dell, E. Cazares and S. Nugent. 1999. Handbook to strategy 1 fungal species in the Northwest Forest Plan. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PNW-GTR-476. Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR. 195 pp. Online. Available: https://www.fs.usda.gov/pnw/pubs/pnw_gtr476.pdf
Taxonomic Comments
Species Fungorum (2018) transfers Arcangeliella crassa to Lactarius crassus.
Conservation Status
Rank Method Rank calculation - Biotics v2
Review Date2022-11-14
Change Date2022-11-14
Edition Date2022-11-14
Edition AuthorsFrancisco J. Camacho (2002), rev. C. Nordman (2022).
Threat ImpactMedium - low
Range Extent20,000-200,000 square km (about 8000-80,000 square miles)
Number of Occurrences21 - 80
Rank Reasons
Lactarius crassus occurs in mountainous areas of the northwestern United States, it is widespread in the Sierra Nevada, the southern Cascade and Klamath ranges in California, and in the Cascade Range in Oregon. There are about 40 known occurrences, but more occurrences likely can be found with additional survey fieldwork. Threats are medium to low, and include extreme and prolonged drought, and high intensity wildland fire, and to a lesser extent, logging, but it can be found in young fir stands.
Range Extent Comments
Lactarius crassus occurs in mountainous areas of the northwestern United States, it is widespread in the Sierra Nevada, the southern Cascade and Klamath ranges in California, and in the Cascade Range in Oregon. The range extent is estimated to be 129,000 square kilometers (MyCoPortal 2022, NatureServe 2022, Siegel et al. 2019).
Occurrences Comments
There are estimated to be about 40 occurrences, including about 20 occurrences in Oregon and about 20 occurrences in California (NatureServe 2022, MyCoPortal 2022).
Threat Impact Comments
This is a mycorrhizal species; it is dependent on a host tree for its carbohydrates. Studies have shown that if the tree is killed the mycorrhizal fungi can die shorty after, but this species does occur in young Abies stands. Severe and prolonged droughts and decades of fire suppression have drastically altered western montane forests, leading to thicker, denser, Abies dominated forests. As a result hotter, higher intensity wildland fires (rather than patchwork and understory burns) are more common, these fires can alter habitat drastically, and making it ill-suited for this species (Siegel 2022).
Ecology & Habitat

Habitat

Lactarius crassus is ectomycorrhizal, associated with firs (Abies spp.), in mid-elevation to high-elevation forests of the Sierra Nevada, Cascade Range and Klamath Mountains, it is found in young to mature forests (Siegel 2022, Siegel et al. 2019). It is known to occur at elevations from 381 to 2360 meters (MyCoPortal 2022, NatureServe 2022).

Reproduction

This species is likely dispersed by mycophagy, the sequestrate sporocarps are eaten by small mammals which disperse the spores (Siegel 2022).
Terrestrial Habitats
Forest - Conifer
Other Nations (1)
United StatesN3
ProvinceRankNative
CaliforniaSNRYes
OregonS2Yes
Threat Assessments
ThreatScopeSeverityTiming
5 - Biological resource useRestricted (11-30%)Slight or 1-10% pop. declineHigh (continuing)
5.3 - Logging & wood harvestingRestricted (11-30%)Slight or 1-10% pop. declineHigh (continuing)
7 - Natural system modificationsLarge (31-70%)Moderate - slightHigh (continuing)
7.1 - Fire & fire suppressionLarge (31-70%)Moderate - slightHigh (continuing)
11 - Climate change & severe weatherLarge - restrictedModerate or 11-30% pop. declineHigh (continuing)
11.2 - DroughtsLarge - restrictedModerate or 11-30% pop. declineHigh (continuing)

Plant Characteristics
DurationEPHEMERAL FRUITING BODY
Economic Value (Genus)No
Roadless Areas (1)
California (1)
AreaForestAcres
Mt. RaymondSierra National Forest6,965
References (13)
  1. CABI Bioscience, Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures & Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research Databases. 2005. Index fungorum. Available at www.indexfungorum.org (Accessed 2005).
  2. Castellano, M. A., J. E. Smith, T. O'Dell, E. Cazares and S. Nugent. 1999. Handbook to strategy 1 fungal species in the Northwest Forest Plan. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PNW-GTR-476. Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR. 195 pp. Online. Available: https://www.fs.usda.gov/pnw/pubs/pnw_gtr476.pdf
  3. Index Fungorum and Species Fungorum. 2018. <i>In</i> Index Fungorum-Species Fungorum (<a href="https://indexfungorum.org" target="_blank">https://indexfungorum.org</a> and <a href="https://speciesfungorum.org" target="_blank">https://speciesfungorum.org</a>) database export on 16 June 2018. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  4. Index Fungorum and Species Fungorum. 2025. <i>In</i> Index Fungorum-Species Fungorum (<a href="https://indexfungorum.org" target="_blank">https://indexfungorum.org</a> and <a href="https://speciesfungorum.org" target="_blank">https://speciesfungorum.org</a>) database export on 29 September 2025. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  5. Molina, R., T.R. Horton, J.M. Trappe, and B.G. Marcot. 2011. Addressing uncertainty: how to conserve and manage rare or little-known fungi. Fungal Ecology 4: 134-146. Online. Available: https://www.fs.usda.gov/research/treesearch/39634 (Accessed 2023).
  6. MycoBank. 2025. MycoBank database download, export date January 2025. International Mycological Association. [http://www.mycobank.org]
  7. MyCoPortal. 2022. Mycology Collections Portal. Online. Available: https://www.mycoportal.org/portal/index.php. (Accessed 2022).
  8. NatureServe. 2022. NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia.
  9. Pegler, D.N., and T.W.K. Young. 1979. The gastroid Russulales. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 72:353-388.
  10. Siegel, N. 2022. Lactarius crassus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022: e.T198478341A198488648. Online. Available: https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T198478341A198488648.en (Accessed 2022).
  11. Siegel, N., E.C. Vellinga, C. Schwarz, M.A. Castellano, and D. Ikeda. 2019. A Field Guide to the Rare Fungi of California’s National Forests. Bookmobile. Minneapolis, MN. 313 pp. Online. Available: https://www.mykoweb.com/CAF/PDF/Rare_Fungi_of_CA_National_Forests.pdf.
  12. Singer, R., and A.H. Smith. 1960. Studies on secotiaceious fungi. IX. The astrogastraceous series. Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club 21:1-112.
  13. Trappe, J.M., R. Molina, D.L. Luoma, E. Cázares, D. Pilz, J.E. Smith, M.A. Castellano, S.L. Miller, and M.J. Trappe. 2009. Diversity, ecology, and conservation of truffle fungi in forests of the Pacific Northwest. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-772. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 194 pp. Online. Available: https://www.fs.usda.gov/pnw/pubs/pnw_gtr772.pdf