Pilularia americana

A. Braun

American Pillwort

G4Apparently Secure (G4?) Found in 1 roadless area NatureServe Explorer →
G4Apparently SecureGlobal Rank
Medium - lowThreat Impact
Identity
Unique IDELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.129599
Element CodePPMAR02010
Record TypeSPECIES
ClassificationSpecies
Classification StatusStandard
Name CategoryVascular Plant
Endemicoccurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations
KingdomPlantae
PhylumFilicinophyta
ClassFilicopsida
OrderMarsileales
FamilyMarsileaceae
GenusPilularia
Other Common Names
American pillwort (EN)
Concept Reference
Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.
Taxonomic Comments
FNA (1993, vol. 2), Kartesz (1994), and Weakley and the Southeastern Flora Team (2024) accept Pilularia americana. The generic placement of this taxon is in accordance with the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group I (2016).
Conservation Status
Rank Method Rank calculation - Biotics v2
Review Date2023-08-24
Change Date2023-08-24
Edition Date2023-08-24
Edition AuthorsNordman, C. (2023).
Threat ImpactMedium - low
Range Extent>2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)
Number of Occurrences81 - 300
Rank Reasons
American Pillwort (Pilularia americana) is known from North America (United States and Mexico) and South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Venezuela, and Peru), its range extent is estimated to be 16 million square kilometers, and it is estimated that there are between 81 and 300 occurrences rangewide. Overall threat impact may be medium to low. Conversion of habitat to agricultural use and abstraction of water which can alter the hydrology of vernal pools, are threats in California where American Pillwort is most common. Extreme and long-term drought, such as may be associated with climate change, is also a threat.
Range Extent Comments
American Pillwort (Pilularia americana) is known from North America (United States and Mexico) and South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Venezuela, and Peru). In North America it occurs in Washington, Oregon, and most commonly in California, south into Baja California, Mexico. It also occurs in the Southern Great Plains from Kansas south to the Llano Uplift in Texas, Interior Highlands of Arkansas and Missouri, Interior Low Plateau of Tennessee and Alabama, and in the Appalachian and Piedmont regions of Georgia, Tennessee, South Carolina, and West Virginia. The range extent was estimated to be 16 million square kilometers using herbarium specimens and photo-based observations documented between 1992 and 2023 (CCH2 Portal 2023, Flora of North America Editorial Committee 1993, GBIF 2023, iNaturalist 2023, León et al. 2018).
Occurrences Comments
By applying a 1 km separation distance to herbarium records and photo-based observations documented between 1992 and 2023, it is estimated that there are between 81 and 300 occurrences rangewide (CCH2 Portal 2023, GBIF 2023, iNaturalist 2023).
Threat Impact Comments
Conversion of habitat to agricultural use and abstraction of water which can alter the hydrology of vernal pools, are threats in California where American Pillwort is most common. Extreme and long-term drought, such as may be associated with climate change, is also a threat.
Ecology & Habitat

Diagnostic Characteristics

"The telltale circinate vernation of the leaves is the best characteristic for distinguishing it from similar plants" (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 1993).

Habitat

This species is found on the margins of reservoirs, mud flats, as well as in shallow water of ponds and temporary pools, in North America at elevations ranging from 50 to 600 meters, in Peru in high altitude wetlands at 4500 to 4600 meters (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 1993, León et al. 2018).
Palustrine Habitats
TEMPORARY POOL
Other Nations (1)
United StatesN4
ProvinceRankNative
WashingtonS2Yes
NebraskaS1Yes
OregonS2Yes
TennesseeS1Yes
GeorgiaS2Yes
CaliforniaSNRYes
KansasSHYes
ArkansasS2Yes
AlabamaS1Yes
TexasSNRYes
OklahomaS1Yes
South CarolinaS1Yes
MissouriSUYes
Threat Assessments
ThreatScopeSeverityTiming
2 - Agriculture & aquacultureRestricted (11-30%)Serious - moderateHigh (continuing)
2.1 - Annual & perennial non-timber cropsRestricted (11-30%)Serious - moderateHigh (continuing)
7 - Natural system modificationsRestricted (11-30%)Moderate or 11-30% pop. declineHigh (continuing)
7.2 - Dams & water management/useRestricted (11-30%)Moderate or 11-30% pop. declineHigh (continuing)
11 - Climate change & severe weatherLarge - restrictedModerate or 11-30% pop. declineHigh (continuing)
11.2 - DroughtsLarge - restrictedModerate or 11-30% pop. declineHigh (continuing)

Plant Characteristics
DurationPERENNIAL
Economic Value (Genus)No
Roadless Areas (1)
California (1)
AreaForestAcres
Dobie FlatModoc National Forest15,079
References (8)
  1. CCH2 Portal. 2023. Consortium of California Herbaria. Online. Available: https//:www.cch2.org/portal/index.php (accessed 2023).
  2. Flora of North America Editorial Committee (FNA). 1993a. Flora of North America north of Mexico. Vol. 2. Pteridophytes and gymnosperms. Oxford Univ. Press, New York. xvi + 475 pp.
  3. Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). 2023. Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) data portal. Online. Available: https://www.gbif.org/ (accessed 2023).
  4. iNaturalist. 2023. Online. Available: https://www.inaturalist.org (accessed 2023).
  5. Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.
  6. León, B., H. Beltrán, C. Carrasco-Badajoz, E. Portal-Quicaña, and M. Huaycha-Allcca. 2018. First record of <i>Pilularia americana </i>A. Braun (Polypodiidae, Salviniales, Marsileaceae) from Peru. Check List 14 (2): 319–322. Online. Available: https://doi.org/10.15560/14.2.319 (accessed 2023).
  7. Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group I. 2016. A Community-Derived Classification for Extant Lycophytes and Ferns. Journal of Systematics and Evolution 54(6): 563–603.
  8. Weakley, A.S., and Southeastern Flora Team. 2024. Flora of the southeastern United States. Edition of March 4, 2024. University of North Carolina Herbarium (NCU), North Carolina Botanical Garden, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. 2203 pp.