Aralia racemosa

L.

American Spikenard

G5Secure Found in 74 roadless areas NatureServe Explorer →
G5SecureGlobal Rank
UnknownThreat Impact
Identity
Unique IDELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.136759
Element CodePDARA02052
Record TypeSPECIES
ClassificationSpecies
Classification StatusStandard
Name CategoryVascular Plant
Endemicoccurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations
KingdomPlantae
PhylumAnthophyta
ClassDicotyledoneae
OrderApiales
FamilyAraliaceae
GenusAralia
Synonyms
Aralia racemosa ssp. racemosa
Other Common Names
Aralie à grappes (FR)
Concept Reference
Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.
Taxonomic Comments
This record represents Aralia racemosa in the narrow sense following FNA (vol. 13, 2024) not including A. bicrenata. FNA (vol. 13, 2024) elevates A. racemosa ssp. bicrenata to full species as A. bicrenata, and A. racemosa ssp. racemosa to full species as A. racemosa. In contrast, Kartesz (1994, 1999) treated A. racemosa in a broad sense with two subspecies distinguished (ssp. bicrenata and ssp. racemosa).
Conservation Status
Rank Method Rank calculation - Biotics v2
Review Date2025-06-25
Change Date2016-05-13
Edition Date2025-06-24
Edition AuthorsSusan Spackman, David Anderson, and Steve Thomas (1/00); rev. Eric Nielsen (1/00), rev. Johnson, J. (2025)
Threat ImpactUnknown
Range Extent>2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)
Number of Occurrences> 300
Rank Reasons
Aralia racemosa is a perennial herb that is common in the eastern United States and southern Canada. This species depends on shady forest habitats and may be susceptible to habitat loss due to development and logging. Although numerous populations are documented in protected areas, other occurrences may be susceptible to collection for herbal medicine.
Range Extent Comments
Aralia racemosa is common in the eastern United States and Canada from Quebec south to northern Georgia and east to the edge of the Great Plains from Arkansas to Manitoba (FNA 2024). Range extent was estimated using herbarium specimens and photo-based observations documented between 1994 and 2025 (GBIF 2025, iNaturalist 2025, RARECAT 2025, SEINet 2025).
Occurrences Comments
By applying a 1 km separation distance to herbarium records and photo-based observations documented between 1994 and 2025, there are estimated to be more than 1600 occurrences rangewide (GBIF 2025, iNaturalist 2025, RARECAT 2025, SEINet 2025).
Threat Impact Comments
Aralia racemosa is listed by the United Plant Savers At Risk Forum on their "To Watch" list. This list consists of "herbs which are broadly used in commerce and which, due to over-harvest, loss of habitat, or by the nature of their innate rareness or sensitivity are either at risk or have significantly declined in numbers within their current range" (United Plant Savers 2000). There are currently no reports that individual populations have been negatively impacted or extirpated due to collection for the plant trade, but as other members of the ginseng family become increasingly rare due to wild harvesting and habitat loss, it is likely that this species will be collected more intensively as a substitute. Small, disjunct populations could be threatened in the future if harvest of wild populations of this species increases.

Aralia racemosa may also be threatened by development, road maintenance, logging, and other threats in some places. However, their overall impact is likely negligible given the species' broad range, large number of occurrences, tolerance of light disturbance, and affinity for typically abundant habitats, as well as no obvious intrinsic vulnerabilities.
Ecology & Habitat

Habitat

Aralia racemosa grows in rich deciduous forests, wooded slopes, ravines, moist bluffs, riverside forests, streambanks, and lakeshores (FNA 2024).
Terrestrial Habitats
Forest - HardwoodForest - ConiferForest - MixedForest Edge
Other Nations (2)
United StatesN5
ProvinceRankNative
PennsylvaniaS5Yes
KansasS1Yes
North CarolinaS4Yes
South CarolinaS3Yes
New YorkS5Yes
New HampshireSNRYes
NebraskaS2Yes
IowaS4Yes
MississippiS1Yes
ConnecticutSNRYes
MichiganSNRYes
MassachusettsSNRYes
MinnesotaSNRYes
IndianaS5Yes
West VirginiaS4Yes
New JerseyS3Yes
DelawareS3Yes
GeorgiaS3Yes
VermontS4Yes
KentuckyS4Yes
TennesseeSNRYes
IllinoisSNRYes
MarylandS3Yes
ArkansasSNRYes
AlabamaS1Yes
South DakotaS3Yes
Rhode IslandS1Yes
OhioSNRYes
MissouriSNRYes
WisconsinSNRYes
MaineSNRYes
VirginiaS4Yes
CanadaN5
ProvinceRankNative
OntarioS5Yes
New BrunswickS4Yes
Nova ScotiaS4Yes
QuebecS4Yes
ManitobaS2Yes
Prince Edward IslandS2Yes
Threat Assessments
ThreatScopeSeverityTiming
5 - Biological resource useUnknownUnknownHigh (continuing)
5.2 - Gathering terrestrial plantsUnknownUnknownHigh (continuing)
5.2.1 - Intentional use (species being assessed is the target)UnknownUnknownHigh (continuing)

Plant Characteristics
DurationPERENNIAL
Economic Value (Genus)Yes
Roadless Areas (74)
Arkansas (2)
AreaForestAcres
Clifty CanyonOzark-St. Francis National Forest1,963
Richland CreekOzark-St. Francis National Forest571
Georgia (5)
AreaForestAcres
Boggs CreekChattahoochee National Forest2,073
Helton CreekChattahoochee National Forest2,348
Kelly RidgeChattahoochee National Forest8,325
Pink KnobChattahoochee National Forest12,127
Sarah's CreekChattahoochee National Forest6,888
Illinois (1)
AreaForestAcres
Ripple HollowShawnee National Forest3,788
Maine (1)
AreaForestAcres
Caribou - Speckled ExtWhite Mountain National Forest5,988
Missouri (1)
AreaForestAcres
Spring Creek Rare II Study AreaMark Twain National Forest4,899
New Hampshire (11)
AreaForestAcres
Carr MountainWhite Mountain National Forest17,110
Dartmouth RangeWhite Mountain National Forest9,233
Great Gulf Ext.White Mountain National Forest15,110
KilkennyWhite Mountain National Forest28,766
Kinsman MountainWhite Mountain National Forest8,999
Mt. Wolf - Gordon PondWhite Mountain National Forest11,846
PemigewassetWhite Mountain National Forest32,255
Pemigewasset ExtWhite Mountain National Forest15,840
Presidential - Dry River ExtWhite Mountain National Forest10,555
Sandwich RangeWhite Mountain National Forest16,797
Wild RiverWhite Mountain National Forest46,878
North Carolina (16)
AreaForestAcres
Bald MountainPisgah National Forest11,085
Balsam ConePisgah National Forest10,591
BearwallowPisgah National Forest4,113
Cheoah BaldNantahala National Forest7,795
Chunky Gal (addition)Nantahala National Forest3,336
Craggy MountainPisgah National Forest2,657
Harper CreekPisgah National Forest7,325
Jarrett CreekPisgah National Forest7,485
Linville Gorge AdditionPisgah National Forest2,809
Lost CovePisgah National Forest5,944
Mackey MountainPisgah National Forest5,934
Middle Prong AdditionPisgah National Forest1,852
Overflow CreekNantahala National Forest3,379
Slide HollowPisgah National Forest193
Wilson CreekPisgah National Forest4,863
Yellowhammer Branch (add.)Nantahala National Forest1,255
Pennsylvania (1)
AreaForestAcres
Allegheny FrontAllegheny National Forest7,430
South Carolina (1)
AreaForestAcres
Ellicott Rock 2Sumter National Forest517
Tennessee (10)
AreaForestAcres
Bald MountainCherokee National Forest11,743
Bald River Gorge AdditionCherokee National Forest1,728
Beaver Dam CreekCherokee National Forest5,070
Devil's BackboneCherokee National Forest4,287
Flint Mill GapCherokee National Forest9,494
Little Frog Addition NWCherokee National Forest628
London Bridge BranchCherokee National Forest3,387
Slide HollowCherokee National Forest4,057
Sycamore CreekCherokee National Forest6,984
Upper Bald RiverCherokee National Forest9,202
Vermont (4)
AreaForestAcres
Bread LoafGreen Mountain and Finger Lakes National Forests1,768
Devil's Den 09083Green Mountain and Finger Lakes National Forests9,169
Griffith Lake 09084Green Mountain and Finger Lakes National Forests1,833
Wilder Mountain 09082Green Mountain and Finger Lakes National Forests8,759
Virginia (11)
AreaForestAcres
Adams PeakGeorge Washington National Forest7,135
Beards MountainGeorge Washington National Forest7,505
Beaver Dam CreekJefferson National Forest1,135
Mill MountainGeorge Washington National Forest10,840
Mountain Lake Addition CJefferson National Forest494
Mt. PleasantGeorge Washington National Forest8,933
Ramseys Draft AdditionGeorge Washington National Forest12,781
Saint Marys AdditionGeorge Washington National Forest1,454
Southern MassanuttenGeorge Washington National Forest11,985
The PriestGeorge Washington National Forest5,737
Three RidgesGeorge Washington National Forest4,745
West Virginia (9)
AreaForestAcres
Cranberry AdditionMonongahela National Forest11,123
Dry ForkMonongahela National Forest657
Little MountainMonongahela National Forest8,172
Mcgowan MountainMonongahela National Forest10,504
Middle MountainMonongahela National Forest19,020
North Mountain HopevilleMonongahela National Forest6,525
Seneca CreekMonongahela National Forest22,287
Tea Creek MountainMonongahela National Forest8,295
Turkey MountainMonongahela National Forest6,421
Wisconsin (1)
AreaForestAcres
09154 - St. Peters DomeChequamegon-Nicolet National Forest4,002
References (9)
  1. Flora of North America Editorial Committee (FNA). 2024. Flora of North America north of Mexico. Vol. 13. Magnoliophyta: Geraniaceae to Apiaceae. Oxford Univ. Press, New York. xxiv + 566 pp.
  2. Gleason, H.A., and A. Cronquist. 1963. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. D. Van Nostrand Company, New York, NY. 810 pp.
  3. Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). 2025. Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) data portal. Online. Available: https://www.gbif.org/ (accessed 2025).
  4. iNaturalist. 2025. Online. Available: https://www.inaturalist.org (accessed 2025).
  5. Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.
  6. <p>NatureServe's Rapid Analysis of Rarity and Endangerment Conservation Assessment Tool (RARECAT). 2025. Version: 2.1.1 (released April 04, 2025).</p>
  7. Southwest Environmental Information Network (SEINet). 2025. Collections Databases. Online. Available: https://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/collections/index.php (accessed 2025).
  8. United Plant Savers Organization. "At Risk" and "To Watch" Species Lists. Online Available:http://www.plantsavers.org/index11.html. Accessed December 2000.
  9. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. 1999. November 3-last update. The PLANTS database. Online. Available: http://plants.usda.gov/plants. Accessed 2000-Jan.