Spiraea tomentosa

L.

Steeplebush

G5Secure Found in 36 roadless areas NatureServe Explorer →
G5SecureGlobal Rank
UnknownThreat Impact
Identity
Unique IDELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.130632
Element CodePDROS1Q0D0
Record TypeSPECIES
ClassificationSpecies
Classification StatusStandard
Name CategoryVascular Plant
Endemicoccurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations
KingdomPlantae
PhylumAnthophyta
ClassDicotyledoneae
OrderRosales
FamilyRosaceae
GenusSpiraea
Other Common Names
Hardhack (EN) Hardhack Spiraea (EN) Spirée tomenteuse (FR) steeplebush (EN)
Concept Reference
Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.
Conservation Status
Rank Method Rank calculation - Biotics v2
Review Date2025-01-29
Change Date1983-10-11
Edition Date2025-01-29
Edition AuthorsN. Ventrella (2025)
Threat ImpactUnknown
Range Extent>2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)
Number of Occurrences> 300
Rank Reasons
Spiraea tomentosa is a perennial shrub found in wetlands, bogs, fens, meadows, and woodlands of eastern North America from Ontario east to Nova Scotia, south to Georgia and Louisiana, north to Kansas and Minnesota, and disjunct in Oregon. It is also introduced in Europe. There are over 4,000 estimated occurrences of this species, which are likely threatened by development, water diversion, alteration of hydrology, erosion, succession, recreational activities, invasive species, drought, and other threats in some places. Little is known about threats or trends, but with a large range extent, a high number of occurrences, abundant habitat, broad habitat preferences, and no obvious intrinsic vulnerabilities, Spiraea tomentosa is considered secure.
Range Extent Comments
The native range of Spiraea tomentosa is in eastern North America from Ontario east to Nova Scotia, south to Georgia and Louisiana, north to Kansas and Minnesota, and disjunct in Oregon (FNA 2014). It is considered historical in Mississippi (Weakley and the Southeastern Flora Team 2024). This species also occurs as an introduced taxon in Europe (FNA 2014, POWO 2025). The native range extent was estimated using herbarium specimens and photo-based observations documented between 1994 and 2025 and published distribution maps (GBIF 2025, iNaturalist 2025, SEINet 2025, FNA 2014, POWO 2025). See individual entries for distribution details about the two varieties.
Occurrences Comments
By applying a 1 km separation distance to herbarium specimens, photo-based observations, and NatureServe Network occurrence data documented between 1994 and 2025, it is estimated that there are more than 4,000 occurrences in its native range (GBIF 2025, iNaturalist 2025, NatureServe 2025, SEINet 2025).
Threat Impact Comments
Although threats are not widely documented, Spiraea tomentosa is likely threatened by development, water diversion, alteration of hydrology, erosion, succession, recreational activities, invasive species, drought, and other threats in some places, though there is insufficient data, including anecdotal accounts, to understand scope and severity of threats for this species.
Ecology & Habitat

Habitat

Spiraea tomentosa occurs in wetlands, bogs, fens, wet meadows, and in woodland borders on moist acidic soils (FNA 2014).
Terrestrial Habitats
Forest/WoodlandGrassland/herbaceous
Palustrine Habitats
HERBACEOUS WETLANDBog/fenRiparian
Other Nations (2)
United StatesN5
ProvinceRankNative
WashingtonSNRYes
OhioSNRYes
North CarolinaS3Yes
ConnecticutSNRYes
KansasSNRYes
MinnesotaSNRYes
DelawareS5Yes
MaineSNRYes
South CarolinaS2Yes
MichiganSNRYes
WisconsinSNRYes
GeorgiaS1Yes
PennsylvaniaS5Yes
VermontS5Yes
IllinoisSNRYes
Rhode IslandSNRYes
MarylandSNRYes
New HampshireSNRYes
MassachusettsSNRYes
New JerseyS5Yes
MissouriS1Yes
VirginiaS4Yes
MississippiSHYes
TennesseeSNRYes
KentuckyS4Yes
West VirginiaS5Yes
ArkansasS2Yes
AlabamaS1Yes
New YorkSNRYes
IndianaSNRYes
CanadaN5
ProvinceRankNative
Nova ScotiaS5Yes
OntarioS5Yes
New BrunswickS5Yes
Prince Edward IslandS4Yes
QuebecSNRYes
Threat Assessments
ThreatScopeSeverityTiming
Unknown/undetermined

Plant Characteristics
DurationPERENNIAL
Economic Value (Genus)No
Roadless Areas (36)
Maine (1)
AreaForestAcres
Caribou - Speckled ExtWhite Mountain National Forest5,988
Michigan (1)
AreaForestAcres
FibreHiawatha National Forest7,432
New Hampshire (13)
AreaForestAcres
Carr MountainWhite Mountain National Forest17,110
Cherry MountainWhite Mountain National Forest8,766
Great Gulf Ext.White Mountain National Forest15,110
JobildunkWhite Mountain National Forest3,660
KearsargeWhite Mountain National Forest4,554
KilkennyWhite Mountain National Forest28,766
Kinsman MountainWhite Mountain National Forest8,999
Mt. Wolf - Gordon PondWhite Mountain National Forest11,846
PemigewassetWhite Mountain National Forest32,255
Pemigewasset ExtWhite Mountain National Forest15,840
Presidential - Dry River ExtWhite Mountain National Forest10,555
Sandwich RangeWhite Mountain National Forest16,797
Wild RiverWhite Mountain National Forest46,878
Pennsylvania (1)
AreaForestAcres
Allegheny FrontAllegheny National Forest7,430
Tennessee (2)
AreaForestAcres
Beaver Dam CreekCherokee National Forest5,070
Flint Mill GapCherokee National Forest9,494
Vermont (4)
AreaForestAcres
Bread LoafGreen Mountain and Finger Lakes National Forests1,768
Devil's Den 09083Green Mountain and Finger Lakes National Forests9,169
Wilder Mountain 09082Green Mountain and Finger Lakes National Forests8,759
Woodford 09086Green Mountain and Finger Lakes National Forests2,456
Virginia (3)
AreaForestAcres
Broad RunJefferson National Forest10,971
Little Wilson Creek Addition BJefferson National Forest1,725
Peters Mountain Addition BJefferson National Forest2,909
West Virginia (9)
AreaForestAcres
Canaan LoopMonongahela National Forest7,867
Cranberry AdditionMonongahela National Forest11,123
Cranberry Glades Botanical AreaMonongahela National Forest785
Dolly Sods Roaring PlainMonongahela National Forest13,392
Falls Of Hills CreekMonongahela National Forest6,925
Little MountainMonongahela National Forest8,172
Mcgowan MountainMonongahela National Forest10,504
Middle MountainMonongahela National Forest19,020
Mottesheard (WV)Jefferson National Forest3,964
Wisconsin (2)
AreaForestAcres
09011 - Flynn Lake Study AreaChequamegon-Nicolet National Forest5,951
09012 - Round Lake Study AreaChequamegon-Nicolet National Forest3,707
References (8)
  1. Flora of North America Editorial Committee (FNA). 2014b. Flora of North America north of Mexico. Vol. 9. Magnoliophyta: Picramniaceae to Rosaceae. Oxford University Press, New York. xxiv + 713 pp.
  2. Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). 2025. Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) data portal. Online. Available: https://www.gbif.org/ (accessed 2025).
  3. iNaturalist. 2025. Online. Available: https://www.inaturalist.org (accessed 2025).
  4. Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.
  5. NatureServe. 2025. NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia.
  6. Plants of the World Online (POWO). 2025. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Online. Available: https://powo.science.kew.org/ (accessed 2025).
  7. Southwest Environmental Information Network (SEINet). 2025. Collections Databases. Online. Available: https://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/collections/index.php (accessed 2025).
  8. Weakley, A.S., and Southeastern Flora Team. 2024. Flora of the southeastern United States. Edition of March 4, 2024. University of North Carolina Herbarium (NCU), North Carolina Botanical Garden, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. 2203 pp.