Vireo philadelphicus

(Cassin, 1851)

Philadelphia Vireo

G5Secure Found in 5 roadless areas NatureServe Explorer →
G5SecureGlobal Rank
Least concernIUCN
Identity
Unique IDELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.100611
Element CodeABPBW01230
Record TypeSPECIES
ClassificationSpecies
Classification StatusStandard
Name CategoryVertebrate Animal
IUCNLeast concern
Endemicoccurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations
KingdomAnimalia
PhylumCraniata
ClassAves
OrderPasseriformes
FamilyVireonidae
GenusVireo
Other Common Names
Vireo de Filadelfia (ES) Viréo de Philadelphie (FR)
Concept Reference
American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1998. Check-list of North American birds. Seventh edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. [as modified by subsequent supplements and corrections published in The Auk]. Also available online: http://www.aou.org/.
Taxonomic Comments
See Johnson et al. (1988) and Murray et al. (1994) for analyses of the phylogenetic relationships among vireos.
Conservation Status
Rank MethodExpertise without calculation
Review Date2016-04-10
Change Date1996-12-03
Range Extent Comments
BREEDS: east-central British Columbia east across southern Canada to Newfoundland, south to southern Alberta, northern North Dakota, northeastern Minnesota, and northern New England. WINTERS: Guatemala and Yucatan Peninsula south to central Panama, rarely northern Colombia.
Ecology & Habitat

Habitat

Open deciduous or mixed woodland, forest edge, second growth, parks, and alder and willow thickets, especially near streams. In migration and winter in various open woodland, and partly open situations with scattered trees. Nests in horizontal twig fork 3-12 m up in deciduous tree, usually near upper canopy (Harrison 1978).

Ecology

In winter solitary or in small loose groups (Stiles and Skutch 1989).

Reproduction

Eggs are laid in June-July. Clutch size is 3-5 (usually 4). Incubation, by both sexes, lasts 13-14 days. Young are tended by both parents, leave nest at 13-14 days.
Terrestrial Habitats
Woodland - HardwoodWoodland - MixedOld field
Palustrine Habitats
Riparian
Other Nations (2)
United StatesN4B
ProvinceRankNative
IndianaSNAYes
FloridaSNAYes
South DakotaSNAYes
NebraskaSNRNYes
KansasSNAYes
New JerseyS4NYes
ColoradoSNAYes
GeorgiaSNRNYes
LouisianaSNAYes
KentuckySNAYes
OhioSNAYes
PennsylvaniaSNAYes
OklahomaS1NYes
ConnecticutSNAYes
MichiganS3Yes
DelawareSNAYes
MaineS4BYes
District of ColumbiaS1NYes
AlabamaSNAYes
West VirginiaSNAYes
New HampshireS3BYes
MarylandSNAYes
VirginiaSNAYes
North CarolinaSNAYes
IllinoisSNAYes
North DakotaS3Yes
MississippiSNAYes
MontanaSNAYes
New YorkS3BYes
VermontS1BYes
South CarolinaS3MYes
IowaS2NYes
MissouriSNAYes
ArkansasS2NYes
MassachusettsS2NYes
TennesseeS3NYes
MinnesotaSNRBYes
TexasS4Yes
CanadaN5B
ProvinceRankNative
QuebecS5BYes
Nova ScotiaS2B,SUMYes
New BrunswickS5BYes
Yukon TerritorySUBYes
British ColumbiaS4BYes
Northwest TerritoriesSUYes
SaskatchewanS5BYes
ManitobaS3BYes
AlbertaS5BYes
Island of NewfoundlandS3B,SUMYes
OntarioS5BYes
LabradorS2B,SUMYes
Prince Edward IslandS1B,SUMYes
Roadless Areas (5)
California (1)
AreaForestAcres
Nevahbe RidgeInyo National Forest302
Tennessee (1)
AreaForestAcres
Sycamore CreekCherokee National Forest6,984
Vermont (1)
AreaForestAcres
Bread LoafGreen Mountain and Finger Lakes National Forests1,768
Virginia (2)
AreaForestAcres
Brush MountainJefferson National Forest6,002
Shawvers Run AdditionJefferson National Forest1,927
References (26)
  1. American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1983. Check-list of North American Birds, 6th edition. Allen Press, Inc., Lawrence, Kansas. 877 pp.
  2. American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1998. Check-list of North American birds. Seventh edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. [as modified by subsequent supplements and corrections published in <i>The Auk</i>]. Also available online: http://www.aou.org/.
  3. Balda, R. P., and G. C. Bateman. 1971. Flocking and annual cycle of the piñon jay, <i>Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus</i>. Condor 73:287-302.
  4. Barlow, J.C. 1980. Patterns of ecological interactions among migrant and resident vireos on the wintering grounds. Pages 79-107 in A. Keast and E.S. Morton, editors. Migrant birds in the neotropics: ecology, distribution, and conservation. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
  5. Bent, A.C. 1950. Life histories of North American wagtails, shrikes, vireos, and their allies. U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 197. Washington, D.C.
  6. BirdLife International. 2004b. Threatened birds of the world 2004. CD ROM. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK.
  7. Harrison, C. 1978. A Field Guide to the Nests, Eggs and Nestlings of North American Birds. Collins, Cleveland, Ohio.
  8. Horn, H. S. 1968. The adaptive significance of colonial nesting in the Brewer's Blackbird. Ecology 49:682-694.
  9. Howell, S. N. G., and S. Webb. 1995. A guide to the birds of Mexico and northern Central America. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
  10. Johnson, N. K., R. M. Zink, and J. A. Marten. 1988. Genetic evidence for relationships in the avian family Vireonidae. Condor 90:428-445.
  11. Keast, A., and E.S. Morton. 1980. Migrant birds in the neotropics: ecology, distribution, and conservation. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
  12. Ligon, J. D. 1971. Late summer-autumnal breeding of the piñon jay in New Mexico. Condor 73:147-153.
  13. Moore, W. S., and R. A. Dolbeer. 1989. The use of banding recovery data to estimate dispersal rates and gene flow in avian species: case studies in the Red-winged Blackbird and Common Grackle. Condor 91:242-253.
  14. Murray, B.W., W.B. McGillivray, and J.C. Barlow. 1994. The use of cytochrome B sequence variation in estimation of phylogeny in the Vireonidae. Condor 96(4):1037-1054.
  15. Parker III, T. A., D. F. Stotz, and J. W. Fitzpatrick. 1996. Ecological and distributional databases for neotropical birds. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
  16. Raffaele, H., J. Wiley, O. Garrido, A. Keith, and J. Raffaele. 1998. A guide to the birds of the West Indies. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. 511 pp.
  17. Ridgely, R. S. 2002. Distribution maps of South American birds. Unpublished.
  18. Ridgely, R. S. and J. A. Gwynne, Jr. 1989. A Guide to the Birds of Panama. 2nd edition. Princeton University Press, Princeton, USA.
  19. Sibley, D. A. 2000a. The Sibley guide to birds. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.
  20. Stiles, F. G. and A. F. Skutch. 1989. A guide to the birds of Costa Rica. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, USA. 511 pp.
  21. Tarvin, K. A., and G. E. Woolfenden. 1999. Blue Jay (<i>Cyanocitta cristata</i>). No. 469 IN A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The birds of North America. The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA. 32pp.
  22. Terres, J. K. 1980. The Audubon Society encyclopedia of North American birds. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.
  23. Thompson, F. R., III. 1994. Temporal and spatial patterns of breeding brown-headed cowbirds in the midwestern United States. Auk 111:979-990.
  24. Williams, L. 1952b. Breeding behavior of the Brewer blackbird. Condor 54:3-47.
  25. Willson, M. F. 1966. Breeding ecology of the Yellow-headed Blackbird. Ecological Monographs 36:51-77.
  26. Zook, J. L. 2002. Distribution maps of the birds of Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama. Unpublished.