Micrurus tener

(Baird and Girard, 1853)

Texas Coralsnake

G5Secure Found in 1 roadless area NatureServe Explorer →
G5SecureGlobal Rank
Least concernIUCN
MediumThreat Impact
Identity
Unique IDELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.807719
Element CodeARADC02020
Record TypeSPECIES
ClassificationSpecies
Classification StatusStandard
Name CategoryVertebrate Animal
IUCNLeast concern
Endemicoccurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations
KingdomAnimalia
PhylumCraniata
ClassReptilia
OrderSquamata
FamilyElapidae
GenusMicrurus
Synonyms
Micrurus fulvius tener(Baird and Girard, 1853)
Concept Reference
Crother, B. I., J. Boundy, J. A. Campbell, K. de Queiroz, D. R. Frost, R. Highton, J. B. Iverson, P. A. Meylan, T. W. Reeder, M. E. Seidel, J. W. Sites, Jr., T. W. Taggart, S. G. Tilley, and D. B. Wake. 2000 [2001]. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Herpetological Circular No. 29. 82 pp.
Taxonomic Comments
Micrurus tener formerly was included as a subspecies of M. fulvius. Crother et al. (2000), Collins and Taggart (2002), and Campbell and Lamar (2004) recognized M. tener and M. fulvius as distinct species. Although Castoe et al. and J. Boundy (2006, Joint Meeting Ichthyologists Herpetologists abstracts) presented molecular and morphological evidence, respectively, that M. fulvius and M. tener are distinct species, these data have not been published. Using over 1,097 microsatellites, Castoe et al. (2012) demonstrated that M. fulvius (east of the Mississippi River) is distinct (not sharing genes) with M. tener, which cannot be differentiated from Mexican populations of M. bernardi and M. tamaulipensis (Crother 2017).

Phylogenetic relationships of elapid snakes based on mtDNA data indicate that New World coralsnakes cluster with Asian coralsnakes (Slowinski and Keogh 2000).

Slowinski (1995) presented morphological and biochemical data supporting separation of the genera Micrurus and Micruroides. Castoe et al. (2007) found that Micruroides was the sister taxon to the remainder of the sampled New World Micrurus.
Conservation Status
Review Date2006-09-07
Change Date1996-10-31
Edition Date2006-09-07
Edition AuthorsHammerson, G.
Threat ImpactMedium
Range Extent200,000-2,500,000 square km (about 80,000-1,000,000 square miles)
Number of Occurrences81 - 300
Range Extent Comments
The range extends from western Louisiana and southwestern Arkansas to central and western Texas, and south through northeastern Mexico to Guanajuato and Morelos, at elevation from near sea level to about 500 meters in the United States and to about 2,000 meters in Mexico (Dundee and Rossman 1989, Campbell and Lamar 2004, Trauth et al. 2004).
Occurrences Comments
This species is represented by a large number of occurrences (subpopulations) (see dot maps of collection sites in Dundee and Rossman 1989, Werler and Dixon 2000, and Campbell and Lamar 2004).
Threat Impact Comments
No major threats are known, but the species has declined in some areas in Texas that have undergone intensive urbanization (Werler and Dixon 2000).
Ecology & Habitat

Habitat

Habitats are varied and include mixed pine and hardwood forests, subtropical thornscrub, tall-grass prairie, and riparian woodlands in otherwise dry areas (Campbell and Lamar 2004). In Louisiana and Arkansas, this snake inhabits forested areas (Dundee and Rossman 1989, Trauth et al. 2004). In Texas, habitats include rocky creek banks and canyons of oak-juniper brakes, live oak woodland, thornbrush chaparral of the coastal plain, sandy grass/mesquite, Cross Timbers woodland/thickets, and pine-hardwood forest; also gardens, wooded lots, and undeveloped parklands in cities; habitat is generally partially wooded and has organic ground litter (Werler and Dixon 2000). In western Texas and northern Tamaulipas, this snake usually is found near watercourses and in vegetation along temporary streams (Campbell and Lamar 2004). In northern Mexico, this snake occurs in mesquite-grassland, thorn forest, and desert; in southern Tamaulipas, it reaches 900 meters in oak savanna; at the south end of the range it is apparently restricted to high elevations in pine-oak forest and mesquite-grassland (Campbell and Lamar 2004). This snake is often underground, under leaf litter, logs or stumps, or similarly secluded. Eggs probably are laid in loose soil or decaying organic matter, or underground or under leaf litter or surface objects (Ernst 1992).
Terrestrial Habitats
Forest/WoodlandForest - MixedWoodland - MixedShrubland/chaparralSavanna
Palustrine Habitats
Riparian
Other Nations (1)
United StatesN5
ProvinceRankNative
LouisianaS5Yes
TexasS5Yes
ArkansasS2Yes
Roadless Areas (1)
Texas (1)
AreaForestAcres
Little Lake CreekNational Forests in Texas596
References (12)
  1. Campbell, J. A., and W. W. Lamar. 2004. The venomous reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. 2 volumes. Cornell University Press.
  2. Castoe, T. A., E. N. Smith, R. M. Brown, and C. L. Parkinson. 2007. Higher-level phylogeny of Asian and American coralsnakes, their placement within the Elapidae (Squamata), and the systematic affinities of the enigmatic Asian coralsnake <i>Hemibungarus calligaster</i>. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 151(4):809-831.
  3. Castoe, T. A., J. W. Streicher, J. M. Meik, M. J. Ingrasci, A. W. Poole, AP J. de Koning, J. A. Campbell, C. L. Parkinson, E. N. Smith, and D. D. Pollock. 2012. Thousands of microsatellite loci from the venomous coralsnake <i>Micrurus fulvius</i> and variability of select loci across populations and related species. Molecular Ecology Resources 12(6):1105-1113.
  4. Collins, J. T., and T. W. Taggart. 2002. Standard common and current scientific names for North American amphibians, turtles, reptiles, & crocodilians. Fifth edition. Publication of The Center for North American Herpetology, Lawrence, Kansas. iv + 44 pp.
  5. Conant, R. and J. T. Collins. 1991. A field guide to reptiles and amphibians: eastern and central North America. Third edition. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, Massachusetts. 450 pp.
  6. Crother, B. I. (editor). 2008. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. Sixth edition. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles Herpetological Circular 37:1-84. Online with updates at: http://www.ssarherps.org/pages/comm_names/Index.php
  7. Crother, B. I. (editor). 2012. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. 7th edition. SSAR Herpetological Circular 39:1-92.
  8. Crother, B. I. (editor). 2017. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. 8th edition. SSAR Herpetological Circular 43:1-104. [Updates in SSAR North American Species Names Database at: https://ssarherps.org/cndb]
  9. Crother, B. I., J. Boundy, J. A. Campbell, K. de Queiroz, D. R. Frost, R. Highton, J. B. Iverson, P. A. Meylan, T. W. Reeder, M. E. Seidel, J. W. Sites, Jr., T. W. Taggart, S. G. Tilley, and D. B. Wake. 2000 [2001]. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Herpetological Circular No. 29. 82 pp.
  10. Dundee, H. A., and D. A. Rossman. 1989. The amphibians and reptiles of Louisiana. Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge.
  11. Frost, D. R., and J. T. Collins. 1988. Nomenclatural notes on reptiles of the United States. Herpetological Review 19(4):73-74.
  12. Trauth, S. E., H. W. Robison, and M. V. Plummer. 2004. The amphibians and reptiles of Arkansas. University of Arkansas Press.