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Home/Species/ Pine Grosbeak

Pinicola enucleator

(Linnaeus, 1758)

Pine Grosbeak

G5Secure Found in 156 roadless areas NatureServe Explorer →
G5SecureGlobal Rank
Least concernIUCN
Identity
Unique IDELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.104920
Element CodeABPBY03010
Record TypeSPECIES
ClassificationSpecies
Classification StatusStandard
Name CategoryVertebrate Animal
IUCNLeast concern
Endemicoccurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations
KingdomAnimalia
PhylumCraniata
ClassAves
OrderPasseriformes
FamilyFringillidae
GenusPinicola
Other Common Names
Durbec des sapins (FR) pine grosbeak (EN)
Concept Reference
American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1998. Check-list of North American birds. Seventh edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. [as modified by subsequent supplements and corrections published in The Auk]. Also available online: http://www.aou.org/.
Conservation Status
Rank MethodExpertise without calculation
Review Date2016-04-09
Change Date1996-12-04
Range Extent Comments
Holarctic. BREEDS: in North America, from western Alaska east across northern Canada to Newfoundland and south to central California, Arizona, northern New Mexico, northern Alberta, central Manitoba, northern Great Lakes region, central Maine and Nova Scotia. WINTERS: in North America from western Alaska, southern Yukon, southern Mackenzie, and southern Canada south through breeding range.
Ecology & Habitat

Habitat

Open coniferous (less commonly mixed coniferous-deciduous) forest and forest edge; in migration and winter also in deciduous forest, woodland, second growth and shrubbery. Nests in trees or shrubs in open coniferous woods, 2-9 m above ground (Terres 1980).

Ecology

Gregarious. May gather in flocks of up to 100 birds. In Utah, a breeding territory covered 10.5 ha (French 1954).

Reproduction

Clutch size is 2-6 (usually 4). Incubation, by female, lasts 13-14 days. Young leave nest about 20 days after hatching.
Terrestrial Habitats
Forest - HardwoodForest - ConiferForest - MixedWoodland - HardwoodWoodland - ConiferWoodland - MixedShrubland/chaparralSuburban/orchard
Other Nations (2)
CanadaN5
ProvinceRankNative
New BrunswickS2B,S4N,S4MYes
Nova ScotiaS3B,S5N,S5MYes
Yukon TerritoryS4Yes
AlbertaS4Yes
Prince Edward IslandSHB,S3N,S3MYes
Northwest TerritoriesS5Yes
Island of NewfoundlandS5Yes
British ColumbiaS5Yes
ManitobaS4Yes
OntarioS4B,S5NYes
LabradorS5Yes
QuebecS4Yes
SaskatchewanS2B,S4NYes
United StatesN5
ProvinceRankNative
MassachusettsS2NYes
VermontS3NYes
South DakotaS3NYes
Navajo NationS2NYes
IndianaS1NYes
MontanaS5Yes
WisconsinSNAYes
ArizonaS1Yes
OregonS2Yes
CaliforniaSNRYes
MinnesotaSNRNYes
IowaSNAYes
New HampshireSNAYes
IllinoisSNAYes
MichiganSNRNYes
WashingtonS3B,S3NYes
UtahS3Yes
New JerseyS4NYes
New MexicoS2B,S3NYes
ConnecticutSNAYes
MaineS3B,S4NYes
NevadaS2Yes
New YorkSNRNYes
NebraskaSNRNYes
AlaskaS5Yes
IdahoS4Yes
North DakotaSNAYes
ColoradoS5Yes
WyomingS4B,S5NYes
Roadless Areas (156)
Alaska (21)
AreaForestAcres
Bering LakeChugach National Forest965,076
Boston BarChugach National Forest53,617
College FiordChugach National Forest1,130,818
Copper River WetlandsChugach National Forest85,972
Johnson PassChugach National Forest152,508
Kenai LakeChugach National Forest213,172
Kenai MountainsChugach National Forest306,600
MadanTongass National Forest68,553
Nellie JuanChugach National Forest713,697
North BaranofTongass National Forest314,089
North RevillaTongass National Forest215,430
Port AlexanderTongass National Forest120,681
RedoubtTongass National Forest68,347
ResurrectionChugach National Forest224,615
RevillaTongass National Forest29,298
Roaded DonutChugach National Forest968
Sheridan GlacierChugach National Forest224,683
Sitka UrbanTongass National Forest112,003
Tenakee RidgeTongass National Forest20,527
Twenty MileChugach National Forest198,775
Upper SitukTongass National Forest16,789
California (20)
AreaForestAcres
AgnewSequoia National Forest9,561
Bell MeadowStanislaus National Forest7,968
Caples CreekEldorado National Forest17,854
Carson - IcebergStanislaus National Forest56,430
Castle PeakTahoe National Forest14,974
DardanellesEldorado National Forest8,110
Dinkey LakesSierra National Forest34,171
EagleStanislaus National Forest16,116
East YubaTahoe National Forest17,968
Granite ChiefTahoe National Forest6,546
Heart LakeLassen National Forest9,349
Hoover - NorthHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest1,574
Iceberg - Mill CreekHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest26,988
Jennie LakeSequoia National Forest2,388
PyramidEldorado National Forest24,347
Raymond PeakStanislaus National Forest3,646
Raymond PeakEldorado National Forest2,518
SherwinInyo National Forest3,140
Tragedy - Elephants BackEldorado National Forest20,866
Wild Cattle MtnLassen National Forest4,965
Colorado (9)
AreaForestAcres
Bristol HeadRio Grande NF46,087
Comanche Peak Adjacent AreaArapaho & Roosevelt NFs44,158
Dome PeakRoutt NF35,716
HermosaSan Juan NF148,103
Long ParkRoutt NF42,100
Pole Mountain / Finger MesaRio Grande NF43,863
San MiguelSan Juan NF64,263
Storm PeakSan Juan NF57,617
Troublesome SouthRoutt NF47,359
Idaho (5)
AreaForestAcres
NeedlesPayette National Forest131,279
PalisadesCaribou-Targhee National Forest122,002
Pioneer MountainsSalmon-Challis National Forest172,460
Pioneer MountainsSawtooth National Forest119,563
SeceshPayette National Forest248,088
Maine (1)
AreaForestAcres
Caribou - Speckled ExtWhite Mountain National Forest5,988
Michigan (1)
AreaForestAcres
FibreHiawatha National Forest7,432
Minnesota (4)
AreaForestAcres
Hegman LakesSuperior National Forest675
Kawishiwi Lake To SawbillSuperior National Forest15,305
Phantom LakeSuperior National Forest6,521
Wood LakeSuperior National Forest596
Montana (23)
AreaForestAcres
Allan Mountain (01946)Bitterroot National Forest104,184
Bear - Marshall - Scapegoat - SwanLewis and Clark National Forest344,022
Blue Joint (mwsa) (01941)Bitterroot National Forest64,764
Bmss Ra 1485Flathead National Forest334,275
BridgerGallatin National Forest45,059
East PioneerBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest145,082
ElkhornHelena National Forest75,468
Gallatin FringeGallatin National Forest51,571
Hyalite - Porcupine - Buffalo Horn Wilderness Study AreaGallatin National Forest143,991
Jerico MountainHelena National Forest8,445
Lazyman GulchHelena National Forest11,614
Line Creek PlateauCuster National Forest24,825
MadisonGallatin National Forest127,859
Marston Face # 172Kootenai National Forest9,098
North AbsarokaCuster National Forest21,063
North AbsarokaGallatin National Forest159,075
Red Lodge Creek HellroaringCuster National Forest17,210
Republic MountainGallatin National Forest836
Selway - Bitterroot (01067)Bitterroot National Forest114,953
Silver KingBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest64,289
Stony MountainBitterroot National Forest44,057
Ten Lakes #683Kootenai National Forest48,545
West PioneerBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest248,631
Nevada (1)
AreaForestAcres
Rose - GalenaHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest3,711
New Hampshire (7)
AreaForestAcres
Cherry MountainWhite Mountain National Forest8,766
Dartmouth RangeWhite Mountain National Forest9,233
Great Gulf Ext.White Mountain National Forest15,110
Kinsman MountainWhite Mountain National Forest8,999
Presidential - Dry River ExtWhite Mountain National Forest10,555
Sandwich RangeWhite Mountain National Forest16,797
Wild RiverWhite Mountain National Forest46,878
New Mexico (8)
AreaForestAcres
Black CanyonSanta Fe National Forest1,922
Bull - Of - The - WoodsCarson National Forest488
Columbine - Hondo Wilderness Study AreaCarson National Forest43,739
Juan de Gabaldon GrantSanta Fe National Forest8,023
Little TesuqueSanta Fe National Forest815
PecosCarson National Forest13,436
Pecos WS RiverSanta Fe National Forest5,396
Thompson PeakSanta Fe National Forest33,001
Oregon (6)
AreaForestAcres
Little SheepWallowa-Whitman National Forest5,238
Mt. JeffersonDeschutes National Forest2,282
Mt. BaileyUmpqua National Forest18,401
Snake RiverWallowa-Whitman National Forest31,229
Twin MountainWallowa-Whitman National Forest58,533
Upper Grande RondeWallowa-Whitman National Forest11,723
Utah (15)
AreaForestAcres
0401004Ashley National Forest10,510
0401005Ashley National Forest38,930
0401007Ashley National Forest16,483
0419020Ashley National Forest355,684
418040Uinta National Forest1,702
City CreekFishlake National Forest13,939
HancockDixie National Forest9,809
High Uintas (UT)Wasatch-Cache National Forest102,398
Horse Mountain - Mans PeakManti-Lasal National Forest22,159
LakesWasatch-Cache National Forest121,967
Lone Peak ContiguousWasatch-Cache National Forest874
Mt. AireWasatch-Cache National Forest9,681
Mt. OlympusWasatch-Cache National Forest9,982
Twin PeaksWasatch-Cache National Forest6,157
White PineWasatch-Cache National Forest1,942
Vermont (1)
AreaForestAcres
Bread LoafGreen Mountain and Finger Lakes National Forests1,768
Washington (11)
AreaForestAcres
ChelanWenatchee National Forest74,650
Grassy TopIdaho Panhandle National Forests13,485
Grassy TopColville National Forest10,302
Harvey CreekColville National Forest10,140
Jefferson RidgeOlympic National Forest6,512
Liberty BellOkanogan National Forest108,495
LightningOlympic National Forest7,179
Mill Creek Watershed (WA)Umatilla National Forest16,747
Pasayten RimOkanogan National Forest17,074
Salmo - Priest CColville National Forest864
SawtoothOkanogan National Forest122,194
Wyoming (23)
AreaForestAcres
Beartooth Proposed WildernessShoshone National Forest16,837
Cloud Peak ContiguousBighorn National Forest113,757
French CreekMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest5,928
Grayback RidgeBridger-Teton National Forest295,113
Gros Ventre MountainsBridger-Teton National Forest106,418
Libby FlatsMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest11,107
Middle ForkShoshone National Forest51,772
Middle ForkMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest13,238
PalisadesTarghee National Forest1,121
Phillips RidgeBridger-Teton National Forest10,108
ReefShoshone National Forest16,817
Rock CreekMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest18,874
Salt River RangeBridger-Teton National Forest235,661
Savage Run AdditionMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest2,368
Snowy RangeMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest29,660
South Beartooth HighwayShoshone National Forest105,570
Spread Creek - Gros Ventre RiverBridger-Teton National Forest166,097
Teton Corridor TrailheadsBridger-Teton National Forest286
Wapiti Valley NorthShoshone National Forest18,345
Wapiti Valley SouthShoshone National Forest43,517
West Slope TetonsTarghee National Forest47,448
West Slope WindsBridger-Teton National Forest143,252
Wilderness Study AreaTarghee National Forest51,961
References (14)
  1. American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1983. Check-list of North American Birds, 6th edition. Allen Press, Inc., Lawrence, Kansas. 877 pp.
  2. American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1998. Check-list of North American birds. Seventh edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. [as modified by subsequent supplements and corrections published in <i>The Auk</i>]. Also available online: http://www.aou.org/.
  3. Balda, R. P., and G. C. Bateman. 1971. Flocking and annual cycle of the piñon jay, <i>Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus</i>. Condor 73:287-302.
  4. French, N. R. 1954. Notes on breeding activities and on gular sacs in the pine grosbeak. Condor 56:83-85.
  5. Harrison, C. 1978. A Field Guide to the Nests, Eggs and Nestlings of North American Birds. Collins, Cleveland, Ohio.
  6. Horn, H. S. 1968. The adaptive significance of colonial nesting in the Brewer's Blackbird. Ecology 49:682-694.
  7. Ligon, J. D. 1971. Late summer-autumnal breeding of the piñon jay in New Mexico. Condor 73:147-153.
  8. Moore, W. S., and R. A. Dolbeer. 1989. The use of banding recovery data to estimate dispersal rates and gene flow in avian species: case studies in the Red-winged Blackbird and Common Grackle. Condor 91:242-253.
  9. National Geographic Society (NGS). 1983. Field guide to the birds of North America. National Geographic Society, Washington, DC.
  10. Tarvin, K. A., and G. E. Woolfenden. 1999. Blue Jay (<i>Cyanocitta cristata</i>). No. 469 IN A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The birds of North America. The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA. 32pp.
  11. Terres, J. K. 1980. The Audubon Society encyclopedia of North American birds. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.
  12. Thompson, F. R., III. 1994. Temporal and spatial patterns of breeding brown-headed cowbirds in the midwestern United States. Auk 111:979-990.
  13. Williams, L. 1952b. Breeding behavior of the Brewer blackbird. Condor 54:3-47.
  14. Willson, M. F. 1966. Breeding ecology of the Yellow-headed Blackbird. Ecological Monographs 36:51-77.