Sagittaria latifolia

Willd.

Broadleaf Arrowhead

G5Secure Found in 28 roadless areas NatureServe Explorer →
G5SecureGlobal Rank
Least concernIUCN
UnknownThreat Impact
Identity
Unique IDELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.146682
Element CodePMALI040H0
Record TypeSPECIES
ClassificationSpecies
Classification StatusStandard
Name CategoryVascular Plant
IUCNLeast concern
Endemicoccurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations
KingdomPlantae
PhylumAnthophyta
ClassMonocotyledoneae
OrderAlismatales
FamilyAlismataceae
GenusSagittaria
Other Common Names
broadleaf arrowhead (EN) Sagittaire à larges feuilles (FR)
Concept Reference
Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.
Taxonomic Comments
Weakley et al. (2025) recognize Sagittaria latifolia var. pubescens as distinct from typical S. latifolia, but say, "The taxonomic recognition of var. pubescens and var. latifolia as taxonomic entities at variety or species rank has been controversial, with most floras in recent decades dismissing them as trivial phenotypic variation." Haynes and Hellquist in FNA (2000, vol 22) do not recognize distinct varieties, saying "Sagittaria latifolia has been divided into numerous species and varieties. It was divided into two varieties, based upon the presence of pubescence over the entire vegetative plant (C. Bogin 1955; K. Rataj 1972). We have examined numerous specimens and found that many from the southeastern United States are pubescent; we believe that this character alone is insufficient for recognition of the varieties." Kartesz (1994) recognized var. pubescens as distinct, Kartesz (1999) did not.
Conservation Status
Rank Method Rank calculation - Biotics v2
Review Date2025-07-11
Change Date1984-08-29
Edition Date2025-07-11
Edition AuthorsN. Ventrella (2025)
Threat ImpactUnknown
Range Extent>2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)
Number of Occurrences> 300
Rank Reasons
Sagittaria latifolia is an aquatic forb occurring as a native species in shallow tidal or freshwater habitats of North America, Central America (Guatemala), and South America (Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela). There are several thousand estimated occurrences of this species in its native range, which are potentially threatened by development, water diversion, alteration of hydrology, pollution, recreational activities, invasive species, and other threats in some places. Little is known about trends, but with a large range extent, abundant habitat, and broad habitat preferences, Sagittaria latifolia is considered secure.
Range Extent Comments
Sagittaria latifolia is native to the Americas, occurring in North America, Central America (Guatemala), and South America (Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela) (FNA 2000, POWO 2025). It is introduced to Europe and Asia (POWO 2025). In North America, Sagittaria latifolia is found from British Columbia east to Nova Scotia, Canada, south to Florida and California in the United States (FNA 2000, Weakley and the Southeastern Flora Team 2025). The native range extent was estimated to be over 26 million square kilometers using herbarium specimens, photo-based observations, and NatureServe Network occurrence data collected between 1994 and 2025 (GBIF 2025, iNaturalist 2025, NatureServe 2025, RARECAT 2025, SEINet 2025).
Occurrences Comments
By applying a 1 km separation distance to herbarium specimens, photo-based observations, and NatureServe Network occurrence data documented between 1994 and 2025, it is estimated that there are several thousand occurrences in its native range (GBIF 2025, iNaturalist 2025, NatureServe 2025, RARECAT 2025, SEINet 2025).
Threat Impact Comments
Although threats are not widely documented, Sagittaria latifolia is potentially threatened by development, water diversion, alteration of hydrology, pollution, recreational activities, invasive species, and other threats in some places. However, their overall impact is likely negligible given the species' broad range, large number of occurrences, tolerance of light disturbance, and affinity for typically abundant habitats.
Ecology & Habitat

Habitat

Sagittaria latifolia occurs in marshes, swamps, bogs, "wet ditches, pools, and margins of streams and lakes" from 0-1500 m in elevation (FNA 2000, Les 2020). It is also found in tidal and intertidal waters (Les 2020). It typically grows in shallow water (average 10 cm, up to 1.2 m) under full to partial sunlight and in diverse substrates, from sand and silt to muck and gravel.

Reproduction

Sagittaria latifolia flowers from May to November and fruits from June to October (Les 2020). Seeds are water-dispersed and require light and flooding to germinate.
Palustrine Habitats
HERBACEOUS WETLANDFORESTED WETLANDBog/fenRiparian
Other Nations (2)
CanadaN5
ProvinceRankNative
ManitobaS4Yes
AlbertaS3Yes
Island of NewfoundlandS2Yes
British ColumbiaS5Yes
Nova ScotiaS5Yes
SaskatchewanS4Yes
QuebecS5Yes
New BrunswickS5Yes
Prince Edward IslandS4Yes
OntarioS5Yes
United StatesN5
ProvinceRankNative
MichiganSNRYes
VirginiaS5Yes
WyomingS1Yes
FloridaS4Yes
MissouriSNRYes
South CarolinaSNRYes
ConnecticutS5Yes
LouisianaSNRYes
HawaiiSNANo
North DakotaSNRYes
DelawareSNRYes
ArkansasSNRYes
New HampshireSNRYes
NebraskaSNRYes
ColoradoS3Yes
KentuckySNRYes
KansasS3Yes
District of ColumbiaSNRYes
MarylandSNRYes
Rhode IslandSNRYes
MontanaS4Yes
OklahomaSNRYes
VermontS5Yes
PennsylvaniaS5Yes
New JerseySNRYes
ArizonaS1Yes
IowaS4Yes
West VirginiaS5Yes
OregonS4Yes
MaineSNRYes
CaliforniaSNRYes
IndianaS4Yes
MinnesotaSNRYes
South DakotaSNRYes
WashingtonSNRYes
New YorkS5Yes
AlabamaSNRYes
UtahSNRYes
WisconsinSNRYes
TennesseeSNRYes
GeorgiaSNRYes
North CarolinaS5Yes
OhioSNRYes
New MexicoSNRYes
IllinoisS4Yes
MississippiSNRYes
TexasSNRYes
IdahoSNRYes
MassachusettsSNRYes
Threat Assessments
ThreatScopeSeverityTiming
Unknown/undetermined

Plant Characteristics
DurationPERENNIAL
Economic Value (Genus)No
Roadless Areas (28)
California (1)
AreaForestAcres
Middle ForkPlumas National Forest29,278
Michigan (3)
AreaForestAcres
Bear SwampHuron-Manistee National Forest3,915
FibreHiawatha National Forest7,432
Norwich Plains Revised Roadless AreaOttawa National Forest4,360
Minnesota (6)
AreaForestAcres
Baker - Homer - Brule LakesSuperior National Forest6,712
Brule Lake - Eagle MountainSuperior National Forest12,380
Hegman LakesSuperior National Forest675
Kawishiwi Lake To SawbillSuperior National Forest15,305
Phantom LakeSuperior National Forest6,521
Wood LakeSuperior National Forest596
New Hampshire (1)
AreaForestAcres
KearsargeWhite Mountain National Forest4,554
North Carolina (3)
AreaForestAcres
Catfish Lake NorthCroatan National Forest11,299
Slide HollowPisgah National Forest193
South Mills RiverPisgah National Forest8,588
Oregon (1)
AreaForestAcres
LarchMt. Hood National Forest12,961
Pennsylvania (2)
AreaForestAcres
Allegheny FrontAllegheny National Forest7,430
Tracy RidgeAllegheny National Forest9,034
Tennessee (2)
AreaForestAcres
Flint Mill GapCherokee National Forest9,494
Slide HollowCherokee National Forest4,057
Texas (1)
AreaForestAcres
Winters BayouNational Forests in Texas730
Vermont (2)
AreaForestAcres
Griffith Lake 09084Green Mountain and Finger Lakes National Forests1,833
Wilder Mountain 09082Green Mountain and Finger Lakes National Forests8,759
Virginia (2)
AreaForestAcres
Kelley MountainGeorge Washington National Forest7,590
Little Dry Run AdditionJefferson National Forest2,204
Washington (1)
AreaForestAcres
Dry Canyon BreaksColville National Forest4,821
West Virginia (2)
AreaForestAcres
Canaan LoopMonongahela National Forest7,867
Middle MountainMonongahela National Forest19,020
Wisconsin (1)
AreaForestAcres
09011 - Flynn Lake Study AreaChequamegon-Nicolet National Forest5,951
References (11)
  1. Flora of North America Editorial Committee (FNA). 2000. Flora of North America north of Mexico. Vol. 22. Magnoliophyta: Alismatidae, Arecidae, Commelinidae (in part), and Zingiberidae. Oxford Univ. Press, New York. xxiii + 352 pp.
  2. Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). 2025. Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) data portal. Online. Available: https://www.gbif.org/ (accessed 2025).
  3. iNaturalist. 2025. Online. Available: https://www.inaturalist.org (accessed 2025).
  4. Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.
  5. Kartesz, J.T. 1999. A synonymized checklist and atlas with biological attributes for the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. First edition. In: Kartesz, J.T., and C.A. Meacham. Synthesis of the North American Flora, Version 1.0. North Carolina Botanical Garden, Chapel Hill, N.C.
  6. Les, D. 2020. Aquatic Monocotyledons of North America: Ecology, Life History, and Systematics. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 568 pp.
  7. NatureServe. 2025. NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia.
  8. Plants of the World Online (POWO). 2025. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Online. Available: https://powo.science.kew.org/ (accessed 2025).
  9. <p>NatureServe's Rapid Analysis of Rarity and Endangerment Conservation Assessment Tool (RARECAT). 2025. Version: 2.1.1 (released April 04, 2025).</p>
  10. Southwest Environmental Information Network (SEINet). 2025. Collections Databases. Online. Available: https://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/collections/index.php (accessed 2025).
  11. Weakley, A.S., and Southeastern Flora Team. 2025. Flora of the southeastern United States Web App. Edition of February 18, 2025. University of North Carolina Herbarium (NCU), North Carolina Botanical Garden, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Online. Available: https://fsus.ncbg.unc.edu (accessed 2025).