Roadless Areas
Home/Species/ Hooded Warbler

Setophaga citrina

(Boddaert, 1783)

Hooded Warbler

G5Secure Found in 52 roadless areas NatureServe Explorer →
G5SecureGlobal Rank
Least concernIUCN
Identity
Unique IDELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.105404
Element CodeABPBX16010
Record TypeSPECIES
ClassificationSpecies
Classification StatusStandard
Name CategoryVertebrate Animal
IUCNLeast concern
Endemicoccurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations
KingdomAnimalia
PhylumCraniata
ClassAves
OrderPasseriformes
FamilyParulidae
GenusSetophaga
Synonyms
Wilsonia citrina(Boddaert, 1783)
Other Common Names
Chipe Encapuchado (ES) hooded warbler (EN) Paruline à capuchon (FR)
Concept Reference
American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1998. Check-list of North American birds. Seventh edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. [as modified by subsequent supplements and corrections published in The Auk]. Also available online: http://www.aou.org/.
Taxonomic Comments
Formerly placed in the genus Wilsonia. Phylogenetic analyses of sequences of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA (Lovette et al. 2010) indicate that all species formerly placed in Dendroica, one species formerly placed in Wilsonia (citrina), and two species formerly placed in Parula (americana and pitiayumi) form a clade with the single species traditionally placed in Setophaga (ruticilla). The generic name Setophaga has priority for this clade (AOU 2011).
Conservation Status
Rank MethodExpertise without calculation
Review Date2016-04-09
Change Date1996-12-03
Range Extent20,000-2,500,000 square km (about 8000-1,000,000 square miles)
Number of Occurrences81 to >300
Rank Reasons
Large range, increasing trend; locally threatened by habitat loss and degradation.
Range Extent Comments
BREEDING: extreme southeastern Nebraska (rarely) east to southern Michigan, southern Ontario, and southern New England; south to eastern Texas, Gulf Coast, and northern Florida peninsula; and west to eastern Kansas and eastern Oklahoma (AOU 1983). NON-BREEDING: lowlands from central Veracruz and southern Oaxaca south, including Yucatan Peninsula, through Belize, Guatemala, and Honduras; rarer on Pacific slope than on Atlantic, and rare as far south as Panama. Irregular in West Indies, most noticeably during migration (uncommon in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands) (Raffaele 1983). Rare in northern Colombia, northern Venezuela, Trinidad, Netherlands Antilles (Ridgely and Tudor 1989).
Threat Impact Comments
Threats include habitat loss and degradation in temperate and tropical regions (e.g., conversion of diverse forests to plantations, forest fragmentation) and in some areas, parasitism by the brown-headed cowbird (MOLOTHRUS ATER). On Delmarva Peninsula, river channelization and associated effects on floodplain forests is suspected as a cause of decline (Heckscher, pers. obs.).
Ecology & Habitat

Habitat

BREEDING: nests in understory of deciduous forest, especially along streams and ravine edges, and thickets in riverine forests (AOU 1983). Inhabits both young and mature forests but is most abundant in the latter. A dense shrub layer and scant ground cover are important. In North Carolina, common in mountain ravines with dense growth of mountain laurel (KALMIA LATIFOLIA) and rhododendron (RHODODENDRON spp.) and in bottomland swamps with dense pepperbush (CLETHRA ALNIFOLIA) and giant cane (ARUNDINARIA GIGANTEA) (LeGrand, pers. comm.). Generally favors large tracts of uninterrupted forest, but sometimes nests in forest patches as small as 5 ha, probably where these are close to larger forested areas. Nest placed in sapling or shrub in dense deciduous undergrowth, usually between 0.3 - 1.5 m. Individuals often return to the same area to nest in successive years (males are more likely to do so than females).

NON-BREEDING: undergrowth of various wooded habitats, scrubby areas, and thickets (AOU 1983). On winter range males occupy more mature forests than do females (Powell and Rappole 1986, Lynch et al. 1985); males use closed canopy forests, females use shrub or field habitats (Morton 1990). Older birds occupy higher quality habitat (Stutchbury 1994).

Ecology

Breeding territory size generally is about 0.5-0.75 ha. Males and females also maintain separate winter territories. Commonly returns to same winter territory in successive years (Powell and Rappole 1986, Rappole and Warner 1980); often joins mixed flocks within territory (Stiles and Skutch 1989). Breeding density may range up to 22 pairs per 40 ha.

Reproduction

In most areas, nesting occurs mainly from mid- to late May through July. In Ohio, most clutches are completed from mid-May to mid-June (Peterjohn and Rice 1991). Clutch size three to four (rarely five). Incubation, by the female, lasts 12 days. Young are tended by both parents, leave nest in 8-9 days, fly 2-3 days later, remain with adults for several weeks. Sexually mature usually in one year.
Terrestrial Habitats
Forest - HardwoodWoodland - HardwoodShrubland/chaparral
Palustrine Habitats
FORESTED WETLANDRiparian
Other Nations (2)
CanadaN4B
ProvinceRankNative
OntarioS4BYes
United StatesN5B
ProvinceRankNative
IowaS1B,S2NYes
West VirginiaS5BYes
North CarolinaS5BYes
Rhode IslandS3BYes
New JerseyS4B,S4NYes
MinnesotaS3BYes
GeorgiaS5Yes
WisconsinS2BYes
TennesseeS4Yes
OklahomaS2BYes
MassachusettsSXB,S2NYes
MichiganS3Yes
KansasS1BYes
LouisianaS5BYes
PennsylvaniaS5B,S4MYes
OhioS5Yes
AlabamaS5BYes
IllinoisS3Yes
MississippiS5BYes
ArizonaS2MYes
ColoradoSNAYes
FloridaSNRBYes
MissouriS4Yes
KentuckyS5BYes
VirginiaS5Yes
District of ColumbiaS3NYes
DelawareS1BYes
TexasS5BYes
MarylandS4BYes
NebraskaSNRNYes
New YorkS5BYes
IndianaS3BYes
South CarolinaS4Yes
New MexicoS4NYes
ConnecticutS4BYes
ArkansasS4BYes
Roadless Areas (52)
Arkansas (6)
AreaForestAcres
Bear MountainOuachita National Forest1,910
Blue MountainOuachita National Forest9,755
Clifty CanyonOzark-St. Francis National Forest1,963
East ForkOzark-St. Francis National Forest13,037
Gee CreekOzark-St. Francis National Forest7,957
PenhookOzark-St. Francis National Forest6,566
Georgia (4)
AreaForestAcres
Boggs CreekChattahoochee National Forest2,073
Cedar MountainChattahoochee National Forest1,083
Kelly RidgeChattahoochee National Forest8,325
Pink KnobChattahoochee National Forest12,127
Louisiana (1)
AreaForestAcres
Saline Bayou W & S River CorridorKisatchie National Forest5,355
North Carolina (14)
AreaForestAcres
Balsam ConePisgah National Forest10,591
BearwallowPisgah National Forest4,113
Cheoah BaldNantahala National Forest7,795
Harper CreekPisgah National Forest7,325
Jarrett CreekPisgah National Forest7,485
Laurel MountainPisgah National Forest5,683
Linville Gorge AdditionPisgah National Forest2,809
Little Indian (addition)Nantahala National Forest640
Lost CovePisgah National Forest5,944
Mackey MountainPisgah National Forest5,934
Overflow CreekNantahala National Forest3,379
SnowbirdNantahala National Forest8,489
South Mills RiverPisgah National Forest8,588
Woods MountainPisgah National Forest9,602
Oklahoma (1)
AreaForestAcres
Beech CreekOuachita National Forest8,303
Tennessee (6)
AreaForestAcres
Bald River Gorge AdditionCherokee National Forest1,728
Brushy RidgeCherokee National Forest7,469
Flint Mill GapCherokee National Forest9,494
London Bridge BranchCherokee National Forest3,387
Stone MountainCherokee National Forest5,367
Sycamore CreekCherokee National Forest6,984
Texas (1)
AreaForestAcres
Little Lake CreekNational Forests in Texas596
Virginia (14)
AreaForestAcres
Brush MountainJefferson National Forest6,002
Little RiverGeorge Washington National Forest27,292
Little Wilson Creek Addition BJefferson National Forest1,725
Mill MountainGeorge Washington National Forest10,840
Mountain Lake Addition AJefferson National Forest1,469
New London Bridge BranchJefferson National Forest844
Northern MassanuttenGeorge Washington National Forest9,444
Oak KnobGeorge Washington National Forest10,882
Peters Mountain Addition BJefferson National Forest2,909
Raccoon BranchJefferson National Forest4,388
Seng MountainJefferson National Forest6,428
Shawvers Run AdditionJefferson National Forest1,927
SkidmoreGeorge Washington National Forest5,641
Three RidgesGeorge Washington National Forest4,745
West Virginia (5)
AreaForestAcres
Cranberry AdditionMonongahela National Forest11,123
Cranberry Glades Botanical AreaMonongahela National Forest785
Dry River (WV)George Washington National Forest7,331
Middle MountainMonongahela National Forest19,020
North Mountain HopevilleMonongahela National Forest6,525
References (49)
  1. American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1983. Check-list of North American Birds, 6th edition. Allen Press, Inc., Lawrence, Kansas. 877 pp.
  2. American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1998. Check-list of North American birds. Seventh edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. [as modified by subsequent supplements and corrections published in <i>The Auk</i>]. Also available online: http://www.aou.org/.
  3. American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). Chesser, R.T., R.C. Banks, F.K. Barker, C. Cicero, J.L. Dunn, A.W. Kratter, I.J. Lovette, P.C. Rasmussen, J.V. Remsen, Jr., J.D. Rising, D.F. Stotz, and K. Winker. 2011. Fifty-second supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American Birds. The Auk 128(3):600-613.
  4. Balda, R. P., and G. C. Bateman. 1971. Flocking and annual cycle of the piñon jay, <i>Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus</i>. Condor 73:287-302.
  5. BirdLife International. 2004b. Threatened birds of the world 2004. CD ROM. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK.
  6. Blake, J.G., and J.R. Karr. 1984. Species composition of bird communities and the conservation benefit of large versus small forests. Biological Conservation 30:173-187.
  7. Brittingham, M.C., and S.A. Temple. 1980. Hooded warblers nesting in the Baraboo Hills, Sauk County, Wisconsin. Passenger Pigeon 42:128-130.
  8. Bushman, E. S., and G. D. Therres. 1988. Habitat management guidelines for forest interior breeding birds of coastal Maryland. Maryland Dept. Natural Resources, Wildlife Tech. Publ. 88-1. 50 pp.
  9. Evans Ogden, L.J., and B.J. Stutchbury. 1994. Hooded Warbler (WILSONIA CITRINA). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors, The Birds of North America, No. 110. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, DC. 20 pp.
  10. Griscom, L., and A. Sprunt, Jr. 1979. The warblers of America. Doubleday and Co., Garden City, New York. 302 pp.
  11. Hagan, J. M., III, and D. W. Johnston, editors. 1992. Ecology and conservation of neotropical migrant landbirds. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. xiii + 609 pp.
  12. Harrison, C. 1978. A Field Guide to the Nests, Eggs and Nestlings of North American Birds. Collins, Cleveland, Ohio.
  13. Harrison, H. H. 1979. A field guide to western birds' nests. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. 279 pp.
  14. Harrison, H.H. 1984. Wood warblers' world. Simon and Schuster, New York. 335 pp.
  15. Horn, H. S. 1968. The adaptive significance of colonial nesting in the Brewer's Blackbird. Ecology 49:682-694.
  16. Howell, S. N. G., and S. Webb. 1995. A guide to the birds of Mexico and northern Central America. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
  17. Keast, A., and E.S. Morton. 1980. Migrant birds in the neotropics: ecology, distribution, and conservation. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
  18. Ligon, J. D. 1971. Late summer-autumnal breeding of the piñon jay in New Mexico. Condor 73:147-153.
  19. Lynch, J. F., E. S. Morton, and M. E. Van der Voort. 1985. Habitat segregation between the sexes of wintering hooded warblers (WILSONIA CITRINA). Auk 102:714-721.
  20. Moore, W. S., and R. A. Dolbeer. 1989. The use of banding recovery data to estimate dispersal rates and gene flow in avian species: case studies in the Red-winged Blackbird and Common Grackle. Condor 91:242-253.
  21. Morton, E. S. 1990. Habitat segregation by sex in the hooded warbler: experiments on proximate causation and discussion of its evolution. Am. Nat. 135:319-333.
  22. Morton, E. S., et al. 1987. Do male hooded warblers exclude females from nonbreeding territories in tropical forest? Auk 104:133-135.
  23. Mossman, M.J., and K.I. Lange. 1982. Breeding birds of the Baraboo Hills, Wisconsin: Their history, distribution and ecology. Department of Natural Resources and Wisconsin Society for Ornithology, Madison, WI.
  24. Parker III, T. A., D. F. Stotz, and J. W. Fitzpatrick. 1996. Ecological and distributional databases for neotropical birds. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
  25. Peterjohn, B.G., and D.L. Rice. 1991. Ohio breeding bird atlas. Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Natural Areas and Preserves, Columbus, Ohio. 416 pp.
  26. Poole, A. F. and F. B. Gill. 1992. The birds of North America. The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. and The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA.
  27. Powell, G. V. N., and J. H. Rappole. 1986. The hooded warbler. Pages 827-853 in Di Silvestro, R. L., editor. Audubon Wildlife Report 1986. National Audubon Soc., N.Y.
  28. Raffaele, H. A. 1983a. A guide to the birds of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Fondo Educativo Interamericano, San Juan, Puerto Rico. 255 pp.
  29. Raffaele, H., J. Wiley, O. Garrido, A. Keith, and J. Raffaele. 1998. A guide to the birds of the West Indies. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. 511 pp.
  30. Rappole, J. H., and D. W. Warner. 1980. Ecological aspects of migrant bird behavior in Veracruz, Mexico. Pages 353-393 in A. Keast and E.S. Morton, editors. Migrant birds in the neotropics: ecology, distribution, and conservation. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
  31. Ridgely, R. S. 2002. Distribution maps of South American birds. Unpublished.
  32. Ridgely, R. S. and G. Tudor. 1989. The birds of South America. Volume 1. University of Texas Press, Austin, USA. 516 pp.
  33. Ridgely, R. S. and J. A. Gwynne, Jr. 1989. A Guide to the Birds of Panama. 2nd edition. Princeton University Press, Princeton, USA.
  34. Robbins, C.S. 1979. Effect of forest fragmentation on bird populations. Pages 198-212 in R.M. DeGraff and K.E. Evans, editors. Management of north central and northeastern forests for nongame birds. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, General Technical Report NC-51.
  35. Robbins, C. S., D. K. Dawson, and B. A. Dowell. 1989a. Habitat area requirements of breeding forest birds of the Middle Atlantic states. Wildlife Monographs No. 103.
  36. Robinson, W.D., and S.K. Robinson. 1999. Effects of selective logging on forest bird populations in a fragmented landscape. Conservation Biology 13(1):58-66.
  37. Sargent, R.A., J.C. Kilgo, B.R. Chapman, and K.V. Miller. 1997. Nesting success of Kentucky and Hooded Warblers in bottomland forests of South Carolina. Wilson Bulletin 109(2):233-238.
  38. Sauer, J.R., and S. Droege. 1992. Geographical patterns in population trends of Neotropical migrants in North America. Pages 26-42 in J.M. Hagan, III, and D.W. Johnston, editors. Ecology and conservation of Neotropical migrant landbirds. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
  39. Sauer, J.R., J.E. Hines, G. Gough, I. Thomas, and B.G. Peterjohn. 1997a. The North American Breeding Bird Survey Results and Analysis. Version 96.3. Online. Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD. Available: http://www.mbr.nbs.gov/bbs/bbs.html.
  40. Sibley, D. A. 2000a. The Sibley guide to birds. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.
  41. Stiles, F. G. and A. F. Skutch. 1989. A guide to the birds of Costa Rica. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, USA. 511 pp.
  42. Stutchbury, B.J. 1994. Competition for winter territories in a neotropical migrant: the role of age, sex and color. The Auk 111(1):63-69.
  43. Tarvin, K. A., and G. E. Woolfenden. 1999. Blue Jay (<i>Cyanocitta cristata</i>). No. 469 IN A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The birds of North America. The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA. 32pp.
  44. Terres, J. K. 1980. The Audubon Society encyclopedia of North American birds. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.
  45. Thompson, F. R., III. 1994. Temporal and spatial patterns of breeding brown-headed cowbirds in the midwestern United States. Auk 111:979-990.
  46. Wander, W. 1981. Breeding birds of southern New Jersey cedar swamps. Occasional Paper 138. Records of New Jersey Birds 6(4):51-65.
  47. Williams, L. 1952b. Breeding behavior of the Brewer blackbird. Condor 54:3-47.
  48. Willson, M. F. 1966. Breeding ecology of the Yellow-headed Blackbird. Ecological Monographs 36:51-77.
  49. Zook, J. L. 2002. Distribution maps of the birds of Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama. Unpublished.