Lasiurus borealis
(Muller, 1776)
Eastern Red Bat
G3VulnerableGlobal Rank
Least concernIUCN
High - mediumThreat Impact
Ed O'Connor, CC BY-NC 4.0
Ed O'Connor, CC BY-NC 4.0
Ed O'Connor, CC BY-NC 4.0
Reuven Martin, CC0 1.0
Reuven Martin, CC0 1.0
Sarah Richer, CC BY-NC 4.0
Identity
Unique IDELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.799416
Element CodeAMACC05010
Record TypeSPECIES
ClassificationSpecies
Classification StatusStandard
Name CategoryVertebrate Animal
IUCNLeast concern
Endemicoccurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations
KingdomAnimalia
PhylumCraniata
ClassMammalia
OrderChiroptera
FamilyVespertilionidae
GenusLasiurus
Synonyms
Nycteris borealis
Other Common Names
Chauve-souris rousse (FR) Chauve-souris rousse de l'Est (FR) eastern red bat (EN) Un Murciélago (ES)
Concept Reference
Wilson, D. E., and D. M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Third edition. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. Two volumes. 2,142 pp. [As modified by ASM the Mammal Diversity Database (MDD) at https://www.mammaldiversity.org/index.html]
Taxonomic Comments
New World Lasiurus were placed in the genus Nycteris by Hall (1981), who based the change on nomenclatural (rather than biological) concerns; few if any other authors have followed this change.
Conservation Status
Rank MethodLegacy Rank calculation - Excel v3.1x
Review Date2016-04-04
Change Date2015-03-17
Edition Date2015-03-25
Edition AuthorsHammerson, G.
Threat ImpactHigh - medium
Range Extent>2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)
Rank Reasons
Large range in much of the eastern and central United States and adjacent southern Canada and northeastern Mexico; high availability of roost sites (primarily in trees), but these represent solitary individuals or single females with young; habitat availability has been reduced through historical deforestation, but much habitat remains, and species uses managed forest landscapes and urbanized areas with large trees; population size is probably still large but substantially declining; abundant mortality caused by turbines at wind energy facilities appears to be the major threat, and this threat is expected to greatly increase in the near future; reproductive rate of this species is low, and its ability to sustain the current and anticipated level of wind-energy impact is doubtful.
Range Extent Comments
Range includes the central and eastern United States and adjacent southern Canada (west to British Columbia; Nagorsen and Paterson 2012) and northeastern Mexico, with occasional occurrences on Atlantic/Caribbean islands (Baker et al. 1988, Cryan 2003, Patriquin 2004, Reid 2006). Winter range is smaller than summer range and is mainly in the southeastern United States and northeastern Mexico, with the highest concentrations in coastal Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico regions (Cryan 2003). Individuals in the most northerly portions of the winter range usually are males (Cryan 2003, Mormann and Robbins 2007). Additional records in the southwestern United States extend the distribution farther west that previously recognized (Geluso and Valdez 2019).
Occurrences Comments
The number of distinct occurrences has not been determined using standardized/meaningful criteria, but this species is represented by a widely distributed and large number of collection and observation sites and locations (as defined by IUCN).
Threat Impact Comments
Over the long term, deforestation undoubtedly has reduced the available habitat for this species. However, much suitable forest habitat remains, eastern red bats do not require pristine habitat, and they inhabit urban and semi-urban areas that have ample large hardwood trees.
In British Columbia, "This species continues to be threatened by habitat loss as remaining riparian woodlands are cleared for development. Conservation of riparian areas, which support a diversity of insects, is an important factor." (http://wlapwww.gov.bc.ca/sir/fwh/wld/atlas/species/redbat.html).
This is one of the bat species most commonly killed by turbines at wind energy facilities (Gruver 2002; Johnson et al. 2003; Fiedler 2004; Johnson 2005; Baerwald and Barclay 2009, 2011; Arnett et al. 2008; Cryan 2011; Cryan et al. 2012; Ellison 2012; Jameson and Willis 2012). Arnett and Baerwald (2013) estimated that about 143,000-287,400 eastern red bats were killed at wind energy facilities in the United States and Canada during the period from 2000 to 2011 (22 percent of total bat fatalities). Wind energy is expected to expand from 61,000 MW in 2014 to 350,000 MW by 2030, so the cumulative impact from wind turbines on this species could be devastating. Although the size of the overall eastern red bat population is unknown, the reproductive rate for this species is low, and its ability to sustain the current and anticipated level of impact is doubtful, particularly in light of the additional stressors experienced by this species.
Broadcast application of pesticides to combat forest/tree insect pests potentially has a detrimental impact on this species and its food resources; range-wide population impact is uncertain.
This species is unlikely to be affected by white-nose syndrome (a cold-loving fungus that afflicts bats hibernating in caves and mines).
In British Columbia, "This species continues to be threatened by habitat loss as remaining riparian woodlands are cleared for development. Conservation of riparian areas, which support a diversity of insects, is an important factor." (http://wlapwww.gov.bc.ca/sir/fwh/wld/atlas/species/redbat.html).
This is one of the bat species most commonly killed by turbines at wind energy facilities (Gruver 2002; Johnson et al. 2003; Fiedler 2004; Johnson 2005; Baerwald and Barclay 2009, 2011; Arnett et al. 2008; Cryan 2011; Cryan et al. 2012; Ellison 2012; Jameson and Willis 2012). Arnett and Baerwald (2013) estimated that about 143,000-287,400 eastern red bats were killed at wind energy facilities in the United States and Canada during the period from 2000 to 2011 (22 percent of total bat fatalities). Wind energy is expected to expand from 61,000 MW in 2014 to 350,000 MW by 2030, so the cumulative impact from wind turbines on this species could be devastating. Although the size of the overall eastern red bat population is unknown, the reproductive rate for this species is low, and its ability to sustain the current and anticipated level of impact is doubtful, particularly in light of the additional stressors experienced by this species.
Broadcast application of pesticides to combat forest/tree insect pests potentially has a detrimental impact on this species and its food resources; range-wide population impact is uncertain.
This species is unlikely to be affected by white-nose syndrome (a cold-loving fungus that afflicts bats hibernating in caves and mines).
Ecology & Habitat
Habitat
Habitat includes a wide range of forested and semi-forested areas (e.g. O'Keefe et al. 2009), including developed areas with large trees (e.g., city parks) and some areas subject to intensive forest management (e.g., Elmore et al. 2004). In summer, females tend to occur in warmer lowland regions whereas males are proportionally more common in cooler highlands (Ford et al. 2002). Spring/summer diurnal roosts usually are in foliage of numerous species of large hardwood trees (also pines in some areas; Elmore et al. 2004); suitable sites are open underneath to allow easy exit and entry. Individuals frequently switch roost sites in both summer and winter (Hutchinson and Lacki 2000, Mager and Nelson 2001, Mormann and Robbins 2007). Solitary females roost with young in tree foliage.
In spring and summer in eastern Kentucky, eastern red bats roosted an average of 16.5 meters above ground in the outer foliage of the canopy of 13 species of large hardwood trees, at least 50 meters from forest edges (Hutchinson and Lacki 2000). Most roost trees were on ridge tops of upland forests.
In an intensively managed pine landscape in Mississippi, red bats generally roosted diurnally in foraging areas, which usually contained a reliable water source and open canopy conditions (young open canopy stands, thinned stands, and riparian hardwood stands) (Elmore et al. 2005).
In an urban-rural interface in Indiana, red bats foraged in woodlands and over newly planted tree fields, open water, and pasture lands more than predicted by randomly generated points and avoided highly urban areas such as commercial lands, gravel pits, and transportation corridors (Walters et al. 2007).
In summer in an urban area in Illinois, red bats roosted usually in the foliage or on the bark of large deciduous trees, sometimes in leaf litter, dense grass, or shingles of houses (Mager and Nelson 2001).
In southwestern Missouri, winter roosts were in eastern red-cedar or hardwoods, on the south side of trees, on south-facing slopes; bats switched from tree roosts to leaf litter roosts when ambient temperatures approached or fell below freezing (Mormann and Robbins 2007). Similar behavior has been recorded elsewhere (e.g., Rodrigue et al. 2001).
In spring and summer in eastern Kentucky, eastern red bats roosted an average of 16.5 meters above ground in the outer foliage of the canopy of 13 species of large hardwood trees, at least 50 meters from forest edges (Hutchinson and Lacki 2000). Most roost trees were on ridge tops of upland forests.
In an intensively managed pine landscape in Mississippi, red bats generally roosted diurnally in foraging areas, which usually contained a reliable water source and open canopy conditions (young open canopy stands, thinned stands, and riparian hardwood stands) (Elmore et al. 2005).
In an urban-rural interface in Indiana, red bats foraged in woodlands and over newly planted tree fields, open water, and pasture lands more than predicted by randomly generated points and avoided highly urban areas such as commercial lands, gravel pits, and transportation corridors (Walters et al. 2007).
In summer in an urban area in Illinois, red bats roosted usually in the foliage or on the bark of large deciduous trees, sometimes in leaf litter, dense grass, or shingles of houses (Mager and Nelson 2001).
In southwestern Missouri, winter roosts were in eastern red-cedar or hardwoods, on the south side of trees, on south-facing slopes; bats switched from tree roosts to leaf litter roosts when ambient temperatures approached or fell below freezing (Mormann and Robbins 2007). Similar behavior has been recorded elsewhere (e.g., Rodrigue et al. 2001).
Ecology
Basically solitary.
Reproduction
Copulates August-October in North America (also in spring in some areas?). Gestation lasts 60-70 (also reported as 80-90) days, after delayed fertilization. Litter of 1-5 (average 2), born late May to mid-June (or July) in North America. Young can fly at 3-4 weeks, weaned at 5-6 weeks. Sexually mature during second month.
Terrestrial Habitats
Forest - HardwoodForest - MixedWoodland - HardwoodWoodland - MixedSuburban/orchardAerial
Palustrine Habitats
RiparianAerial
Other Nations (2)
CanadaN4B,NUM
| Province | Rank | Native |
|---|---|---|
| Manitoba | S3B | Yes |
| Nova Scotia | SUB,S1M | Yes |
| Saskatchewan | S4B | Yes |
| Ontario | S3 | Yes |
| Alberta | S3B,SNRM | Yes |
| British Columbia | SU | Yes |
| New Brunswick | SUB,S2M | Yes |
| Quebec | S1B | Yes |
United StatesN5
| Province | Rank | Native |
|---|---|---|
| Maine | SU | Yes |
| Wisconsin | S3 | Yes |
| Connecticut | S3B | Yes |
| Texas | S4 | Yes |
| Massachusetts | S3 | Yes |
| Rhode Island | SNR | Yes |
| Missouri | S4 | Yes |
| Georgia | S5 | Yes |
| New Hampshire | S3B | Yes |
| Oklahoma | SNR | Yes |
| New Jersey | S3 | Yes |
| West Virginia | S3 | Yes |
| Ohio | SNR | Yes |
| North Carolina | S5 | Yes |
| New Mexico | S3N | Yes |
| Pennsylvania | S4 | Yes |
| Colorado | S2B | Yes |
| Virginia | S4 | Yes |
| Illinois | S5 | Yes |
| Arizona | SNR | Yes |
| South Dakota | S5 | Yes |
| Kentucky | S5 | Yes |
| Arkansas | S5 | Yes |
| Montana | S3B | Yes |
| Minnesota | SNR | Yes |
| Mississippi | S4 | Yes |
| Kansas | S5B | Yes |
| Delaware | S5 | Yes |
| Indiana | S3 | Yes |
| New York | S3B | Yes |
| Nebraska | S3 | Yes |
| District of Columbia | S4 | Yes |
| North Dakota | SNR | Yes |
| Florida | SNR | Yes |
| South Carolina | S3 | Yes |
| Maryland | S3 | Yes |
| Alabama | S5 | Yes |
| Tennessee | S5 | Yes |
| Louisiana | S4 | Yes |
| Vermont | S4B | Yes |
| Iowa | S4 | Yes |
| Wyoming | S3B | Yes |
| Michigan | S5 | Yes |
Threat Assessments
| Threat | Scope | Severity | Timing |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 - Residential & commercial development | Negligible (<1%) | — | High (continuing) |
| 2 - Agriculture & aquaculture | Negligible (<1%) | — | High (continuing) |
| 3 - Energy production & mining | Large - restricted | Serious or 31-70% pop. decline | High (continuing) |
| 3.3 - Renewable energy | — | — | High (continuing) |
| 4 - Transportation & service corridors | Small (1-10%) | Negligible or <1% pop. decline | High (continuing) |
| 5 - Biological resource use | Small (1-10%) | Serious - slight | High (continuing) |
| 5.3 - Logging & wood harvesting | — | — | — |
| 6 - Human intrusions & disturbance | Small (1-10%) | Negligible or <1% pop. decline | High (continuing) |
| 7 - Natural system modifications | Negligible (<1%) | — | High (continuing) |
| 8 - Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases | Large (31-70%) | Negligible or <1% pop. decline | High (continuing) |
| 9 - Pollution | Restricted - small | Unknown | High (continuing) |
| 10 - Geological events | Negligible (<1%) | — | — |
| 11 - Climate change & severe weather | Pervasive (71-100%) | Unknown | High (continuing) |
Roadless Areas (13)
Arkansas (2)
| Area | Forest | Acres |
|---|---|---|
| Dismal Creek | Ozark-St. Francis National Forest | 9,160 |
| Richland Creek | Ozark-St. Francis National Forest | 571 |
Georgia (2)
| Area | Forest | Acres |
|---|---|---|
| Kelly Ridge | Chattahoochee National Forest | 8,325 |
| Miller Creek | Chattahoochee National Forest | 701 |
North Carolina (1)
| Area | Forest | Acres |
|---|---|---|
| Laurel Mountain | Pisgah National Forest | 5,683 |
Tennessee (3)
| Area | Forest | Acres |
|---|---|---|
| Bald Mountain | Cherokee National Forest | 11,743 |
| Brushy Ridge | Cherokee National Forest | 7,469 |
| Sycamore Creek | Cherokee National Forest | 6,984 |
Virginia (3)
| Area | Forest | Acres |
|---|---|---|
| Beards Mountain | George Washington National Forest | 7,505 |
| Brush Mountain | Jefferson National Forest | 6,002 |
| Kelley Mountain | George Washington National Forest | 7,590 |
West Virginia (2)
| Area | Forest | Acres |
|---|---|---|
| Gauley Mountain | Monongahela National Forest | 13,285 |
| Middle Mountain | Monongahela National Forest | 19,020 |
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