Platanthera clavellata

(Michx.) Luer

Small Green Wood Orchid

G5Secure Found in 62 roadless areas NatureServe Explorer →
G5SecureGlobal Rank
Least concernIUCN
UnknownThreat Impact
Identity
Unique IDELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.156984
Element CodePMORC1Y050
Record TypeSPECIES
ClassificationSpecies
Classification StatusStandard
Name CategoryVascular Plant
IUCNLeast concern
CITESAppendix II
Endemicoccurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations
KingdomPlantae
PhylumAnthophyta
ClassMonocotyledoneae
OrderOrchidales
FamilyOrchidaceae
GenusPlatanthera
Synonyms
Gymnadeniopsis clavellata(Michx.) Rydb.Habenaria clavellata(Michx.) Spreng.
Other Common Names
Club-spur Orchid (EN) Platanthère claviforme (FR) Small Green Woodland Orchid (EN) small green wood orchid (EN)
Concept Reference
Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.
Conservation Status
Rank Method Rank calculation - Biotics v2
Review Date2025-07-03
Change Date1995-10-30
Edition Date2025-07-03
Edition AuthorsK. Crowley, MRO, rev. N. Ventrella (2025)
Threat ImpactUnknown
Range Extent>2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)
Number of Occurrences> 300
Rank Reasons
Platanthera clavellata is an orchid occurring in sphagnum bogs, sphagnous seeps, meadows, marshes, woods, prairies, and disturbed sites of eastern North America, from Newfoundland west to Ontario, Canada, and Minnesota and Maine south to Florida and Texas in the United States. There are over 2,000 estimated occurrences of this taxon rangewide, which are threatened by erosion, livestock grazing, invasive plants, development, recreation, and likely other threats in some places. Little is known about trends, but with a large range extent, high number of occurrences, abundant habitat, broad habitat preferences, and tolerance of light disturbance, Platanthera clavellata is considered secure.
Range Extent Comments
Platanthera clavellata occurs in eastern North America, from Newfoundland west to Ontario, Canada, and Minnesota and Maine south to Florida and Texas in the United States (FNA 2002). Range extent was estimated to be over 5 million square kilometers using herbarium specimens, photo-based observations, and NatureServe Network occurrence data collected between 1994 and 2025 (GBIF 2025, iNaturalist 2025, NatureServe 2025, RARECAT 2025, SEINet 2025).
Occurrences Comments
By applying a 1 km separation distance to herbarium specimens, photo-based observations, and NatureServe Network occurrence data documented between 1994 and 2025, it is estimated that there are more than 2,000 occurrences rangewide (GBIF 2025, iNaturalist 2025, NatureServe 2025, RARECAT 2025, SEINet 2025).
Threat Impact Comments
The greatest threat to Platanthera clavellata is the destruction of wetland habitat through drainage, channelization, logging, and gravel-mining (F. Case, C. Sheviak, and B. Summers, pers. comm., 1995). Additional threats to this species include deer browse, cattle grazing, herbicide runoff from nearby fields or powerline corridors, and invasion of habitats by exotic shrubs (e.g. Japanese honeysuckle, Smilax sp., and Rhamnus frangula), trampling due to recreational activities, and likely other threats in some places (NatureServe 2025).
Ecology & Habitat

Habitat

Platanthera clavellata occurs in "sphagnum bogs, sphagnous seeps and meadows, wet sandy and peaty meadows, marshes, low woods, wet prairies, and roadsides" from 0-2000 m in elevation (FNA 2002). It also occurs in swamps, seepages, and along the shores of rivers and lakes (Native Plant Trust 2025, Weakley and the Southeastern Flora Team 2025).

Reproduction

Platanthera clavellata produces flowers from June through August (FNA 2002).
Terrestrial Habitats
Forest/WoodlandForest EdgeGrassland/herbaceous
Palustrine Habitats
HERBACEOUS WETLANDFORESTED WETLANDBog/fenRiparian
Other Nations (2)
United StatesN5
ProvinceRankNative
FloridaS1Yes
MissouriS2Yes
OklahomaS2Yes
LouisianaSNRYes
District of ColumbiaSNRYes
IowaS1Yes
ConnecticutSNRYes
South CarolinaSNRYes
MichiganSNRYes
New HampshireSNRYes
OhioS3Yes
MississippiSNRYes
KentuckyS4Yes
VirginiaS5Yes
MarylandSNRYes
North DakotaSHYes
TexasSNRYes
IllinoisS1Yes
North CarolinaS4Yes
GeorgiaS5Yes
West VirginiaS4Yes
IndianaS3Yes
MassachusettsSNRYes
AlabamaSNRYes
MinnesotaS3Yes
ArkansasSNRYes
DelawareS5Yes
New YorkS4Yes
PennsylvaniaS5Yes
WisconsinSNRYes
TennesseeS4Yes
New JerseyS4Yes
Rhode IslandS2Yes
MaineSNRYes
VermontS4Yes
CanadaN5
ProvinceRankNative
QuebecS5Yes
New BrunswickS4Yes
Nova ScotiaS5Yes
Island of NewfoundlandS5Yes
Prince Edward IslandS3Yes
OntarioS4Yes
Threat Assessments
ThreatScopeSeverityTiming
1 - Residential & commercial developmentUnknownUnknownUnknown
2 - Agriculture & aquacultureUnknownUnknownUnknown
2.2 - Wood & pulp plantationsUnknownUnknownUnknown
2.2.3 - Scale unknown/unrecordedUnknownUnknownUnknown
2.3 - Livestock farming & ranchingUnknownUnknownUnknown
2.3.4 - Scale unknown/unrecordedUnknownUnknownUnknown
3 - Energy production & miningUnknownUnknownUnknown
3.2 - Mining & quarryingUnknownUnknownUnknown
5 - Biological resource useUnknownUnknownUnknown
5.3 - Logging & wood harvestingUnknownUnknownUnknown
6 - Human intrusions & disturbanceUnknownUnknownUnknown
6.1 - Recreational activitiesUnknownUnknownUnknown
7 - Natural system modificationsUnknownUnknownUnknown
7.2 - Dams & water management/useUnknownUnknownUnknown
8 - Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseasesUnknownUnknownUnknown
8.1 - Invasive non-native/alien species/diseasesUnknownUnknownUnknown
8.1.1 - Unspecified speciesUnknownUnknownUnknown
8.2 - Problematic native species/diseasesUnknownUnknownUnknown
9 - PollutionUnknownUnknownUnknown
9.3 - Agricultural & forestry effluentsUnknownUnknownUnknown
9.3.3 - Herbicides and pesticidesUnknownUnknownUnknown

Plant Characteristics
DurationPERENNIAL
Economic Value (Genus)No
Roadless Areas (62)
Arkansas (1)
AreaForestAcres
Bear MountainOuachita National Forest1,910
Georgia (4)
AreaForestAcres
Joe GapChattahoochee National Forest5,321
Miller CreekChattahoochee National Forest701
Patterson GapChattahoochee National Forest1,186
Pink KnobChattahoochee National Forest12,127
Minnesota (3)
AreaForestAcres
Baldpate LakeSuperior National Forest486
Hegman LakesSuperior National Forest675
Phantom LakeSuperior National Forest6,521
New Hampshire (9)
AreaForestAcres
Carr MountainWhite Mountain National Forest17,110
Great Gulf Ext.White Mountain National Forest15,110
KilkennyWhite Mountain National Forest28,766
Kinsman MountainWhite Mountain National Forest8,999
PemigewassetWhite Mountain National Forest32,255
Pemigewasset ExtWhite Mountain National Forest15,840
Presidential - Dry River ExtWhite Mountain National Forest10,555
Sandwich RangeWhite Mountain National Forest16,797
Wild RiverWhite Mountain National Forest46,878
North Carolina (14)
AreaForestAcres
Balsam ConePisgah National Forest10,591
BearwallowPisgah National Forest4,113
Chunky Gal (addition)Nantahala National Forest3,336
Dobson KnobPisgah National Forest6,111
Graveyard Ridge (addition)Pisgah National Forest1,958
Jarrett CreekPisgah National Forest7,485
Linville Gorge AdditionPisgah National Forest2,809
Middle Prong AdditionPisgah National Forest1,852
Overflow CreekNantahala National Forest3,379
Pond Pine BCroatan National Forest2,961
Sam Knob (addition)Pisgah National Forest2,576
Sheep Ridge AdditionCroatan National Forest5,808
South Mills RiverPisgah National Forest8,588
Tusquitee BaldNantahala National Forest13,670
Tennessee (2)
AreaForestAcres
Beaver Dam CreekCherokee National Forest5,070
Flint Mill GapCherokee National Forest9,494
Vermont (5)
AreaForestAcres
Bread LoafGreen Mountain and Finger Lakes National Forests1,768
Griffith Lake 09084Green Mountain and Finger Lakes National Forests1,833
Lye Brook Addition 09085Green Mountain and Finger Lakes National Forests1,111
Wilder Mountain 09082Green Mountain and Finger Lakes National Forests8,759
Woodford 09086Green Mountain and Finger Lakes National Forests2,456
Virginia (12)
AreaForestAcres
Beaver Dam CreekJefferson National Forest1,135
Kelley MountainGeorge Washington National Forest7,590
Little RiverGeorge Washington National Forest27,292
Little Wilson Creek Addition BJefferson National Forest1,725
Mountain Lake Addition AJefferson National Forest1,469
Mountain Lake Addition B (VA)Jefferson National Forest3,405
Mt. PleasantGeorge Washington National Forest8,933
Peters Mountain Addition BJefferson National Forest2,909
Raccoon BranchJefferson National Forest4,388
Ramseys Draft AdditionGeorge Washington National Forest12,781
Seng MountainJefferson National Forest6,428
Southern MassanuttenGeorge Washington National Forest11,985
West Virginia (12)
AreaForestAcres
Canaan LoopMonongahela National Forest7,867
Cranberry AdditionMonongahela National Forest11,123
Cranberry Glades Botanical AreaMonongahela National Forest785
Dolly Sods Roaring PlainMonongahela National Forest13,392
East Fork Of GreenbrierMonongahela National Forest7,167
Falls Of Hills CreekMonongahela National Forest6,925
Laurel ForkMonongahela National Forest1,172
Little MountainMonongahela National Forest8,172
Mcgowan MountainMonongahela National Forest10,504
Mountain Lake Addition B (WV)Jefferson National Forest557
North Mountain HopevilleMonongahela National Forest6,525
Seneca CreekMonongahela National Forest22,287
References (12)
  1. Case, Frederick W. (Fred). Saginaw, MI. Pers. comm. on February 14, 1995, with Kathy Crowley, MRO.
  2. Flora of North America Editorial Committee (FNA). 2002a. Flora of North America north of Mexico. Vol. 26. Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales. Oxford Univ. Press, New York. xxvi + 723 pp.
  3. Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). 2025. Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) data portal. Online. Available: https://www.gbif.org/ (accessed 2025).
  4. iNaturalist. 2025. Online. Available: https://www.inaturalist.org (accessed 2025).
  5. Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.
  6. Native Plant Trust. 2025. Go Botany website. Online. Available: https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org (accessed 2025).
  7. NatureServe. 2025. NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia.
  8. <p>NatureServe's Rapid Analysis of Rarity and Endangerment Conservation Assessment Tool (RARECAT). 2025. Version: 2.1.1 (released April 04, 2025).</p>
  9. Sheviak, Charles (Chuck). New York State Museum, Science Services, Cultural Education Center, Madison Ave., Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY. Pers. comm. of March 3, 1995, with Kathy Crowley, MRO.
  10. Southwest Environmental Information Network (SEINet). 2025. Collections Databases. Online. Available: https://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/collections/index.php (accessed 2025).
  11. Summers, Bill. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO. Pers. comm. of February 16, 1995, with Kathy Crowley, MRO.
  12. Weakley, A.S., and Southeastern Flora Team. 2025. Flora of the southeastern United States Web App. Edition of February 18, 2025. University of North Carolina Herbarium (NCU), North Carolina Botanical Garden, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Online. Available: https://fsus.ncbg.unc.edu (accessed 2025).