Home/Species/ Mirror Shiner

Paranotropis spectrunculus

(Cope, 1868)

Mirror Shiner

G4Apparently Secure Found in 4 roadless areas NatureServe Explorer →

G4Apparently SecureGlobal Rank

Least concernIUCN

Identity

Unique IDELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.102491

Element CodeAFCJB28900

Record TypeSPECIES

ClassificationSpecies

Classification StatusStandard

Name CategoryVertebrate Animal

IUCNLeast concern

Endemicendemic to a single nation

KingdomAnimalia

PhylumCraniata

ClassActinopterygii

OrderCypriniformes

FamilyLeuciscidae

GenusParanotropis

Synonyms

Notropis spectrunculus(Cope, 1868)

Concept Reference

Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea, and W.B. Scott. 1991. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 20. 183 pp.

Taxonomic Comments

Based on phylogenomic analyses, Stout et al. (2022) resurrect the genus Paranotropis Fowler, 1904 for this species. This generic change is accepted by Page et al. (2023). This species is closely related to the undescribed sawfin shiner (Burkhead and Jenkins 1991).

Conservation Status

Review Date1996-09-17

Change Date1996-09-17

Range Extent Comments

Upper Tennessee River drainage of Georgia, Tennessee, North Carolina, and Virginia; upper Savannah and Catawba-Santee river drainages of North Carolina. Most common in northern Georgia and western North Carolina. Apparently extirpated from the lower Middle Fork of the Holston River and the Powell River systems in Virginia. Distribution is nearly parapatric with the sawfin shiner (a warm-water species) (Burkhead and Jenkins 1991).

Occurrences Comments

This species is represented by a large number of subpopulations and locations.

Threat Impact Comments

Habitat threatened by deforestation, especially the loss of riparian cover and consequent stream warming, and siltation. Stream warming may be most limiting to populations distant from the Blue Ridge. Siltation from coal mining already may have extirpated the Powell River population (Burkhead and Jenkins 1991).

Ecology & Habitat

Habitat

Typically in cool and cold, generally clear, upland creeks and small rivers with moderate to high gradient, and with bottoms of rubble, boulders, or bedrock; adults occupy the heads and relatively slow parts of pools, backwaters near strongly moving currents, slow runs, and occasionally riffles (Burkhead and Jenkins 1991). Also muddy pools (Page and Burr 1991).

Reproduction

In Virginia, spawns probably in late spring and early summer (Burkhead and Jenkins 1991).

Other Nations (1)

United StatesN4

Province	Rank	Native
North Carolina	S4	Yes
Tennessee	S4	Yes
Virginia	S2	Yes
South Carolina	S3	Yes
Georgia	S3	Yes

Roadless Areas (4)

Georgia (1)

Area	Forest	Acres
Helton Creek	Chattahoochee National Forest	2,348

North Carolina (2)

Area	Forest	Acres
Balsam Cone	Pisgah National Forest	10,591
South Mills River	Pisgah National Forest	8,588

South Carolina (1)

Area	Forest	Acres
Ellicott Rock 2	Sumter National Forest	517

References (13)

Burkhead, N. M., and R. E. Jenkins. 1991. Fishes. Pages 321-409 in K. Terwilliger (coordinator). Virginia's Endangered Species: Proceedings of a Symposium. McDonald and Woodward Publishing Company, Blacksburg, Virginia.
Etnier, D. A., and W. C. Starnes. 1993. The fishes of Tennessee. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, Tennessee. xiv + 681 pp.
Fricke, R., Eschmeyer, W. N. and R. van der Laan (eds). 2023. Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes: genera, species, references.(http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp). Electronic version 2023.
Jenkins, R. E., and N. M. Burkhead. 1994. Freshwater fishes of Virginia. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland. xxiii + 1079 pp.
Lee, D. S., C. R. Gilbert, C. H. Hocutt, R. E. Jenkins, D. E. McAllister, and J. R. Stauffer, Jr. 1980. Atlas of North American freshwater fishes. North Carolina State Museum of Natural History, Raleigh, North Carolina. i-x + 854 pp.
Menhinick, E. F. 1991. The freshwater fishes of North Carolina. North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission. 227 pp.
Nelson, J. S., E. J. Crossman, H. Espinosa-Perez, L. T. Findley, C. R. Gilbert, R. N. Lea, and J. D. Williams. 2004. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico. American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 29, Bethesda, Maryland. 386 pp.
Page, L. M., and B. M. Burr. 1991. A field guide to freshwater fishes: North America north of Mexico. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts. 432 pp.
Page, L. M., and B. M. Burr. 2011. Peterson field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Second edition. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Boston. xix + 663 pp.
Page, L. M., H. Espinosa-Pérez, L. T. Findley, C. R. Gilbert, R. N. Lea, N. E. Mandrak, R. L. Mayden, and J. S. Nelson. 2013. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Seventh edition. American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 34, Bethesda, Maryland.
Page, L. M., K. E. Bemis, T. E. Dowling, H.S. Espinosa-Pérez, L.T. Findley, C. R. Gilbert, K. E. Hartel, R. N. Lea, N. E. Mandrak, M. A. Neigbors, J. J. Schmitter-Soto, and H. J. Walker, Jr. 2023. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Eighth edition. American Fisheries Society (AFS), Special Publication 37, Bethesda, Maryland, 439 pp.
Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea, and W.B. Scott. 1991. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 20. 183 pp.
Stout, C., S. Schonhuth, R, Mayden, N.L. Garrison, and J.W. Armbruster. 2022. Phylogenomics and classification of <i>Notropis</i> and related shiners (Cypriniformes: Leuciscidae) and the utility of exon capture on lower taxonomic groups. PeerJ, 10, p.e14072.