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Geothlypis philadelphia

(Wilson, 1810)

Mourning Warbler

G5Secure Found in 11 roadless areas NatureServe Explorer →
G5SecureGlobal Rank
Least concernIUCN
Identity
Unique IDELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.102326
Element CodeABPBX11030
Record TypeSPECIES
ClassificationSpecies
Classification StatusStandard
Name CategoryVertebrate Animal
IUCNLeast concern
Endemicoccurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations
KingdomAnimalia
PhylumCraniata
ClassAves
OrderPasseriformes
FamilyParulidae
GenusGeothlypis
Synonyms
Oporornis philadelphia(Wilson, 1810)
Other Common Names
Chipe Enlutado (ES) mourning warbler (EN) Paruline triste (FR)
Concept Reference
American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1998. Check-list of North American birds. Seventh edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. [as modified by subsequent supplements and corrections published in The Auk]. Also available online: http://www.aou.org/.
Taxonomic Comments
Phylogenetic analyses of sequences of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA (Escalante et al. 2009, Lovette et al. 2010) indicate that several species often placed in Oporornis (tolmiei, philadelphia, and formosa) are more closely related to Geothlypis species than to Oporornis sensu stricto (cf. Lowery and Monroe 1968).

Constitutes a superspecies with and has been considered conspecific with O. tolmiei (AOU 1983, 1998). Study of plumage, skeletal, and vocal characteristics supported recognition of tolmiei and philadelphia as separate species (Pitocchelli 1990). Exhibits little geographic variation in plumage and size throughout breeding range (Pitocchelli 1992).
Conservation Status
Rank MethodExpertise without calculation
Review Date2016-04-07
Change Date1996-12-03
Range Extent Comments
BREEDING: northeastern and central Alberta across southern Canada to Newfoundland, south to southern Manitoba, northeastern South Dakota, Great Lakes region, in higher Appalachians to West Virginia and Virginia and North Carolina, northeastern Pennsylvania, southeastern New York, central Massachusetts. NON-BREEDING: southern Nicaragua through Panama and Colombia into western Venezuela and eastern Ecuador. Transient through northern Central America and Atlantic lowlands of Mexico. Accidental in fall in the West Indies.
Threat Impact Comments
In some parts of the range, threats include habitat loss via natural succession or human activity (Byrd and Johnston 1991).
Ecology & Habitat

Habitat

Shrubbery and bushes of open deciduous woodland and second growth, and shrubby margins of bogs, swamps, and marshes. In migration and winter: thickets, weedy areas, scrub, and woodland undergrowth, mostly in humid regions (AOU 1983). BREEDING: Nests on or near ground in thickets, thorny briers, or similar growth, in fern or weed clumps, grass tussocks, sometimes up to 1 m above ground in thickets (Harrison 1978).

Ecology

Solitary and territorial in winter (Stiles and Skutch 1989, Ridgely and Tudor 1989).

Reproduction

Clutch size 3-5 eggs. Incubation 12-13 days, by female (fed by male). Young tended by both parents, leave nest at 7-9 days, begin to fly in second week out of nest, remain with adults for about 3 weeks. (Terres 1980, Harrison 1978).
Terrestrial Habitats
Forest - HardwoodWoodland - HardwoodShrubland/chaparral
Palustrine Habitats
SCRUB-SHRUB WETLANDFORESTED WETLANDBog/fenRiparian
Other Nations (2)
CanadaN5B
ProvinceRankNative
New BrunswickS4B,S5MYes
SaskatchewanS5BYes
Nova ScotiaS4B,S5MYes
LabradorS1B,SUMYes
AlbertaS4BYes
QuebecS5BYes
Yukon TerritoryS1BYes
Prince Edward IslandS4B,S4MYes
British ColumbiaS4BYes
Island of NewfoundlandS4B,SUMYes
OntarioS5BYes
ManitobaS4BYes
United StatesN5B
ProvinceRankNative
NebraskaSNRNYes
New JerseyS4NYes
KentuckySNAYes
PennsylvaniaS4BYes
MichiganS5Yes
MaineS5B,S5NYes
North CarolinaSNAYes
West VirginiaS3BYes
LouisianaSNAYes
IllinoisS1Yes
MarylandS1BYes
North DakotaS4Yes
ArkansasS4NYes
New YorkS5BYes
South DakotaSNAYes
TennesseeS3NYes
ConnecticutSNAYes
MississippiSNAYes
MinnesotaSNRBYes
VirginiaS1BYes
MissouriSNAYes
FloridaSNAYes
AlabamaSNAYes
WisconsinS4BYes
OklahomaS2NYes
GeorgiaSNRNYes
TexasS4Yes
OhioS1Yes
New HampshireS5BYes
Rhode IslandSNAYes
VermontS5BYes
IowaS3NYes
South CarolinaSNAYes
MassachusettsS2B,S2NYes
DelawareSNAYes
District of ColumbiaS2NYes
Roadless Areas (11)
Michigan (1)
AreaForestAcres
Norwich Plains Revised Roadless AreaOttawa National Forest4,360
North Carolina (2)
AreaForestAcres
Graveyard Ridge (addition)Pisgah National Forest1,958
Sam Knob (addition)Pisgah National Forest2,576
Virginia (2)
AreaForestAcres
Laurel ForkGeorge Washington National Forest9,967
Little RiverGeorge Washington National Forest27,292
West Virginia (6)
AreaForestAcres
Cranberry AdditionMonongahela National Forest11,123
Cranberry Glades Botanical AreaMonongahela National Forest785
Dry River (WV)George Washington National Forest7,331
Falls Of Hills CreekMonongahela National Forest6,925
Little MountainMonongahela National Forest8,172
Mcgowan MountainMonongahela National Forest10,504
References (30)
  1. American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1983. Check-list of North American Birds, 6th edition. Allen Press, Inc., Lawrence, Kansas. 877 pp.
  2. American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1998. Check-list of North American birds. Seventh edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. [as modified by subsequent supplements and corrections published in <i>The Auk</i>]. Also available online: http://www.aou.org/.
  3. American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). Chesser, R.T., R.C. Banks, F.K. Barker, C. Cicero, J.L. Dunn, A.W. Kratter, I.J. Lovette, P.C. Rasmussen, J.V. Remsen, Jr., J.D. Rising, D.F. Stotz, and K. Winker. 2011. Fifty-second supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American Birds. The Auk 128(3):600-613.
  4. Balda, R. P., and G. C. Bateman. 1971. Flocking and annual cycle of the piñon jay, <i>Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus</i>. Condor 73:287-302.
  5. BirdLife International. 2004b. Threatened birds of the world 2004. CD ROM. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK.
  6. Byrd, M. A., and D. W. Johnston. 1991. Birds. Pages 477-537 in K. Terwilliger, coordinator. Virginia's endangered species: proceedings of a symposium. McDonald and Woodward Publ. Co., Blacksburg, Virginia.
  7. Griscom, L., and A. Sprunt, Jr. 1979. The warblers of America. Doubleday and Co., Garden City, New York. 302 pp.
  8. Harrison, C. 1978. A Field Guide to the Nests, Eggs and Nestlings of North American Birds. Collins, Cleveland, Ohio.
  9. Harrison, H. H. 1979. A field guide to western birds' nests. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. 279 pp.
  10. Harrison, H.H. 1984. Wood warblers' world. Simon and Schuster, New York. 335 pp.
  11. Horn, H. S. 1968. The adaptive significance of colonial nesting in the Brewer's Blackbird. Ecology 49:682-694.
  12. Howell, S. N. G., and S. Webb. 1995. A guide to the birds of Mexico and northern Central America. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
  13. Ligon, J. D. 1971. Late summer-autumnal breeding of the piñon jay in New Mexico. Condor 73:147-153.
  14. Moore, W. S., and R. A. Dolbeer. 1989. The use of banding recovery data to estimate dispersal rates and gene flow in avian species: case studies in the Red-winged Blackbird and Common Grackle. Condor 91:242-253.
  15. Parker III, T. A., D. F. Stotz, and J. W. Fitzpatrick. 1996. Ecological and distributional databases for neotropical birds. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
  16. Pitocchelli, J. 1990. Plumage, morphometric, and song variation in mourning (OPORORNIS PHILADELPHIA) and MacGillivray's (O. TOLMIEI) warblers. Auk 107:161-171.
  17. Pitocchelli, J. 1992. Plumage and size variation in the mourning warbler. Condor 94:198-209.
  18. Poole, A. F. and F. B. Gill. 1992. The birds of North America. The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. and The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA.
  19. Raffaele, H., J. Wiley, O. Garrido, A. Keith, and J. Raffaele. 1998. A guide to the birds of the West Indies. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. 511 pp.
  20. Ridgely, R. S. 2002. Distribution maps of South American birds. Unpublished.
  21. Ridgely, R. S. and G. Tudor. 1989. The birds of South America. Volume 1. University of Texas Press, Austin, USA. 516 pp.
  22. Ridgely, R. S. and J. A. Gwynne, Jr. 1989. A Guide to the Birds of Panama. 2nd edition. Princeton University Press, Princeton, USA.
  23. Sibley, D. A. 2000a. The Sibley guide to birds. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.
  24. Stiles, F. G. and A. F. Skutch. 1989. A guide to the birds of Costa Rica. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, USA. 511 pp.
  25. Tarvin, K. A., and G. E. Woolfenden. 1999. Blue Jay (<i>Cyanocitta cristata</i>). No. 469 IN A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The birds of North America. The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA. 32pp.
  26. Terres, J. K. 1980. The Audubon Society encyclopedia of North American birds. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.
  27. Thompson, F. R., III. 1994. Temporal and spatial patterns of breeding brown-headed cowbirds in the midwestern United States. Auk 111:979-990.
  28. Williams, L. 1952b. Breeding behavior of the Brewer blackbird. Condor 54:3-47.
  29. Willson, M. F. 1966. Breeding ecology of the Yellow-headed Blackbird. Ecological Monographs 36:51-77.
  30. Zook, J. L. 2002. Distribution maps of the birds of Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama. Unpublished.