Smilax herbacea

L.

Smooth Herbaceous Greenbrier

G5Secure Found in 27 roadless areas NatureServe Explorer →
G5SecureGlobal Rank
UnknownThreat Impact
Identity
Unique IDELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.156495
Element CodePMSMI01090
Record TypeSPECIES
ClassificationSpecies
Classification StatusStandard
Name CategoryVascular Plant
Endemicoccurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations
KingdomPlantae
PhylumAnthophyta
ClassMonocotyledoneae
OrderLiliales
FamilySmilacaceae
GenusSmilax
Synonyms
Smilax herbacea var. herbacea
Other Common Names
Herbaceous Carrionflower (EN) Smilax herbacé (FR) smooth carrionflower (EN) Smooth Carrion-flower (EN)
Concept Reference
Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.
Conservation Status
Rank Method Rank calculation - Biotics v2
Review Date2025-01-10
Change Date1984-03-29
Edition Date2025-01-10
Edition AuthorsN. Ventrella (2025)
Threat ImpactUnknown
Range Extent>2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)
Number of Occurrences> 300
Rank Reasons
Smilax herbacea is a perennial herb or vine occurring in woods, alluvial thickets, and meadows of North America from Ontario and North Dakota east to New Brunswick, south to Georgia and Texas in Canada and the United States. There are over 1,500 estimated occurrences rangewide, which are potentially threatened by development, road maintenance, invasive species, and other threats in some places. Little is known about threats and trends, but with a large range extent, high number of occurrences, abundant habitat, broad habitat preferences, and no obvious intrinsic vulnerabilities, Smilax herbacea is considered secure.
Range Extent Comments
Smilax herbacea occurs in eastern North America from Ontario and North Dakota east to New Brunswick, south to Georgia and Texas (Kartesz 1996, FNA 2002, Weakley and the Southeastern Flora Team 2024). Range extent was estimated using herbarium specimens and photo-based observations collected between 1994 and 2025 (GBIF 2025, iNaturalist 2025, SEINet 2025).
Occurrences Comments
By applying a 1 km separation distance to herbarium specimens and photo-based observations documented between 1994 and 2025, it is estimated that there are more than 1,500 occurrences rangewide (GBIF 2025, iNaturalist 2025, SEINet 2025).
Threat Impact Comments
Although threats are not widely documented, Smilax herbacea is potentially threatened by development, road maintenance, invasive species, and other threats in some places. However, their overall impact is likely negligible given the species' broad range, large number of occurrences, tolerance of light disturbance, and affinity for typically abundant habitats, as well as no obvious intrinsic vulnerabilities.
Ecology & Habitat

Habitat

Smilax herbacea occurs at "higher elevations in rich woods, alluvial thickets, and meadows, often in calcareous soils" (FNA 2002).
Terrestrial Habitats
Forest/WoodlandShrubland/chaparralGrassland/herbaceous
Other Nations (2)
CanadaN4
ProvinceRankNative
New BrunswickS4Yes
QuebecS3Yes
OntarioS4Yes
United StatesN5
ProvinceRankNative
MichiganS3Yes
IllinoisS1Yes
IndianaSNRYes
VirginiaS5Yes
TennesseeSNRYes
North DakotaSNRYes
Rhode IslandSNRYes
South DakotaSNRYes
OhioSNRYes
GeorgiaSNRYes
WisconsinS3Yes
MassachusettsSNRYes
ArkansasSNRYes
South CarolinaSNRYes
IowaS5Yes
District of ColumbiaSNRYes
TexasS1Yes
KentuckyS5Yes
West VirginiaS5Yes
MaineSNRYes
New JerseyS4Yes
MarylandSNRYes
AlabamaSNRYes
OklahomaSNRYes
PennsylvaniaS5Yes
LouisianaS4Yes
MississippiSNRYes
New YorkS5Yes
ConnecticutSNRYes
DelawareS4Yes
North CarolinaS5Yes
KansasS2Yes
MinnesotaSNRYes
New HampshireSNRYes
VermontS4Yes
Threat Assessments
ThreatScopeSeverityTiming
Unknown/undetermined

Plant Characteristics
DurationPERENNIAL
Economic Value (Genus)No
Roadless Areas (27)
North Carolina (11)
AreaForestAcres
BearwallowPisgah National Forest4,113
Chunky Gal (addition)Nantahala National Forest3,336
Craggy MountainPisgah National Forest2,657
Graveyard Ridge (addition)Pisgah National Forest1,958
Jarrett CreekPisgah National Forest7,485
Laurel MountainPisgah National Forest5,683
Little Indian (addition)Nantahala National Forest640
Overflow CreekNantahala National Forest3,379
Sam Knob (addition)Pisgah National Forest2,576
SnowbirdNantahala National Forest8,489
Woods MountainPisgah National Forest9,602
Tennessee (2)
AreaForestAcres
Bald MountainCherokee National Forest11,743
Stone MountainCherokee National Forest5,367
Virginia (10)
AreaForestAcres
Adams PeakGeorge Washington National Forest7,135
Laurel ForkGeorge Washington National Forest9,967
Little Dry Run AdditionJefferson National Forest2,204
Little RiverGeorge Washington National Forest27,292
Mt. PleasantGeorge Washington National Forest8,933
Oak KnobGeorge Washington National Forest10,882
Ramseys Draft AdditionGeorge Washington National Forest12,781
SkidmoreGeorge Washington National Forest5,641
The PriestGeorge Washington National Forest5,737
Three RidgesGeorge Washington National Forest4,745
West Virginia (4)
AreaForestAcres
Cranberry AdditionMonongahela National Forest11,123
Cranberry Glades Botanical AreaMonongahela National Forest785
Dry River (WV)George Washington National Forest7,331
Mcgowan MountainMonongahela National Forest10,504
References (5)
  1. Flora of North America Editorial Committee (FNA). 2002a. Flora of North America north of Mexico. Vol. 26. Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales. Oxford Univ. Press, New York. xxvi + 723 pp.
  2. Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.
  3. Kartesz, J.T. 1996. Species distribution data at state and province level for vascular plant taxa of the United States, Canada, and Greenland (accepted records), from unpublished data files at the North Carolina Botanical Garden, December, 1996.
  4. Native Plant Trust. 2025. Go Botany website. Online. Available: https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org (accessed 2025).
  5. Weakley, A.S., and Southeastern Flora Team. 2024. Flora of the southeastern United States. Edition of March 4, 2024. University of North Carolina Herbarium (NCU), North Carolina Botanical Garden, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. 2203 pp.