Asplenium montanum

Willd.

Mountain Spleenwort

G5Secure Found in 34 roadless areas NatureServe Explorer →
G5SecureGlobal Rank
LowThreat Impact
Identity
Unique IDELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.146315
Element CodePPASP020U0
Record TypeSPECIES
ClassificationSpecies
Classification StatusStandard
Name CategoryVascular Plant
Endemicendemic to a single nation
KingdomPlantae
PhylumFilicinophyta
ClassFilicopsida
OrderFilicales
FamilyAspleniaceae
GenusAsplenium
Other Common Names
mountain spleenwort (EN)
Concept Reference
Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.
Taxonomic Comments
FNA (1993, vol. 2), Kartesz (1994), and Weakley and the Southeastern Flora Team (2024) accept Asplenium montanum. The generic placement of this taxon is in accordance with the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group I (2016).
Conservation Status
Rank Method Rank calculation - Biotics v2
Review Date2023-09-26
Change Date1986-11-18
Edition Date2023-09-26
Edition AuthorsNordman, C. (2023).
Threat ImpactLow
Range Extent200,000-2,500,000 square km (about 80,000-1,000,000 square miles)
Number of Occurrences> 300
Rank Reasons
Mountain Spleenwort (Asplenium montanum) occurs in the Appalachian region of the eastern United States, from Massachusetts, southern Vermont and southern New York to Ohio, Indiana and Kentucky, south to South Carolina, Georgia and Alabama. It is considered to be common in the Appalachian region from Pennsylvania to Alabama. There are estimated to be more than 600 occurrences, including on various National Forests, National Parks and other National Park Service lands, State Parks, and other conservation lands. Threats include recreation impacts from rock climbing, and competition from invasive exotic plants such as Ailanthus altissima.
Range Extent Comments
Mountain Spleenwort (Asplenium montanum) occurs in the Appalachian region of the eastern United States, from Massachusetts, southern Vermont and southern New York to Ohio, Indiana and Kentucky, south to South Carolina, Georgia and Alabama. There is an historical location in the Ozarks of Missouri. The range extent was estimated to be 742,000 square kilometers using herbarium specimens, photo-based observations, and NatureServe Network occurrence data collected between 1992 and 2023 (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 1993, GBIF 2023, iNaturalist 2023, NatureServe 2023, Weakley and Southeastern Flora Team 2023).
Occurrences Comments
By applying a 1 km separation distance to herbarium specimens, photo-based observations, and NatureServe Network occurrence data documented between 1992 and 2023, it is estimated that there are over 600 occurrences of Mountain Spleenwort rangewide (GBIF 2023, iNaturalist 2023, NatureServe 2023).
Threat Impact Comments
Threats to Mountain Spleenwort (Asplenium montanum) include recreation impacts from rock climbing, and invasive exotic plants such as Ailanthus altissima (Tree of heaven) which forms dense stands and could outcompete A. montanum (Minicuci 2019).
Ecology & Habitat

Habitat

Mountain Spleenwort (Asplenium montanum) occurs in rock crevices of acidic rock, especially sandstone, it is typically the only vascular plant where it occurs, but may occur with other Asplenium ferns, especially the two allotetraploid species, A . bradleyi and A . pinnatifidum (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 1993), on "moist to dry outcrops of metamorphic, sedimentary, or igneous rocks, such as gneiss, schist, amphibolite, quartzite, rhyolite, sandstone, mostly at moderate to high elevations (up to over 2000 m), but in the Piedmont to as low as 150 meters" (Weakley and Southeastern Flora Team 2023).

Ecology

Mou
Terrestrial Habitats
Forest - HardwoodForest - MixedBare rock/talus/screeCliff
Other Nations (1)
United StatesN5
ProvinceRankNative
ConnecticutS2Yes
New YorkS2Yes
MarylandSNRYes
New JerseyS1Yes
OhioSNRYes
MissouriSHYes
VermontS1Yes
North CarolinaS4Yes
IndianaS1Yes
VirginiaS5Yes
PennsylvaniaSNRYes
West VirginiaS4Yes
AlabamaSNRYes
South CarolinaS2Yes
MassachusettsS1Yes
KentuckyS4Yes
Rhode IslandS1Yes
GeorgiaS5Yes
TennesseeSNRYes
Threat Assessments
ThreatScopeSeverityTiming
6 - Human intrusions & disturbanceSmall (1-10%)Moderate or 11-30% pop. declineHigh (continuing)
6.1 - Recreational activitiesSmall (1-10%)Moderate or 11-30% pop. declineHigh (continuing)
8 - Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseasesSmall (1-10%)Moderate or 11-30% pop. declineHigh (continuing)
8.1 - Invasive non-native/alien species/diseasesSmall (1-10%)Moderate or 11-30% pop. declineHigh (continuing)

Plant Characteristics
DurationPERENNIAL
Economic Value (Genus)No
Roadless Areas (34)
Alabama (1)
AreaForestAcres
Blue MountainTalladega National Forest4,986
Georgia (3)
AreaForestAcres
Big MountainChattahoochee National Forest1,974
Lance CreekChattahoochee National Forest9,025
Sarah's CreekChattahoochee National Forest6,888
Kentucky (1)
AreaForestAcres
WolfpenDaniel Boone National Forest2,835
North Carolina (13)
AreaForestAcres
Balsam ConePisgah National Forest10,591
BearwallowPisgah National Forest4,113
Boteler PeakNantahala National Forest4,205
Chunky Gal (addition)Nantahala National Forest3,336
Craggy MountainPisgah National Forest2,657
Graveyard Ridge (addition)Pisgah National Forest1,958
Jarrett CreekPisgah National Forest7,485
Linville Gorge AdditionPisgah National Forest2,809
Mackey MountainPisgah National Forest5,934
Overflow CreekNantahala National Forest3,379
Wesser BaldNantahala National Forest4,061
Wilson CreekPisgah National Forest4,863
Woods MountainPisgah National Forest9,602
South Carolina (2)
AreaForestAcres
Big MountainSumter National Forest2,337
Ellicott Rock 2Sumter National Forest517
Tennessee (3)
AreaForestAcres
Bald MountainCherokee National Forest11,743
Beaver Dam CreekCherokee National Forest5,070
Flint Mill GapCherokee National Forest9,494
Virginia (7)
AreaForestAcres
Beaver Dam CreekJefferson National Forest1,135
Hoop HoleJefferson National Forest4,652
James River AdditionJefferson National Forest1,140
Mill MountainGeorge Washington National Forest10,840
Mountain Lake Addition AJefferson National Forest1,469
Oak KnobGeorge Washington National Forest10,882
The PriestGeorge Washington National Forest5,737
West Virginia (4)
AreaForestAcres
Canaan LoopMonongahela National Forest7,867
Dolly Sods Roaring PlainMonongahela National Forest13,392
Middle MountainMonongahela National Forest19,020
North Mountain HopevilleMonongahela National Forest6,525
References (8)
  1. Flora of North America Editorial Committee (FNA). 1993a. Flora of North America north of Mexico. Vol. 2. Pteridophytes and gymnosperms. Oxford Univ. Press, New York. xvi + 475 pp.
  2. Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). 2023. Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) data portal. Online. Available: https://www.gbif.org/ (accessed 2023).
  3. iNaturalist. 2023. Online. Available: https://www.inaturalist.org (accessed 2023).
  4. Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.
  5. Minicuci, L. 2019. Asplenium montanum Rare Plant Profile. New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Parks and Forestry, New Jersey Forest Service, Office of Natural Lands Management, New Jersey Natural Heritage Program, Trenton, NJ. 11 pp. [<a href="https://nj.gov/dep/parksandforests/natural/heritage/docs/asplenium-montanum-mountain-spleenwort.pdf">https://nj.gov/dep/parksandforests/natural/heritage/docs/asplenium-montanum-mountain-spleenwort.pdf</a>]
  6. NatureServe. 2023. NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia.
  7. Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group I. 2016. A Community-Derived Classification for Extant Lycophytes and Ferns. Journal of Systematics and Evolution 54(6): 563–603.
  8. Weakley, A.S., and Southeastern Flora Team. 2023. Flora of the southeastern United States. Edition of April 14, 2023. University of North Carolina Herbarium (NCU), North Carolina Botanical Garden, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. 2105 pp.