Betula populifolia

Marsh.

Gray Birch

G5Secure Found in 14 roadless areas NatureServe Explorer →
G5SecureGlobal Rank
Least concernIUCN
LowThreat Impact
Identity
Unique IDELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.150177
Element CodePDBET020F0
Record TypeSPECIES
ClassificationSpecies
Classification StatusStandard
Name CategoryVascular Plant
IUCNLeast concern
Endemicoccurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations
KingdomPlantae
PhylumAnthophyta
ClassDicotyledoneae
OrderFagales
FamilyBetulaceae
GenusBetula
Other Common Names
Bouleau gris (FR) gray birch (EN)
Concept Reference
Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.
Conservation Status
Rank Method Rank calculation - Biotics v2
Review Date2024-08-13
Change Date1983-11-20
Edition Date2024-08-13
Edition AuthorsNordman, C. (2024)
Threat ImpactLow
Range Extent200,000-2,500,000 square km (about 80,000-1,000,000 square miles)
Number of Occurrences> 300
Rank Reasons
Gray Birch (Betula populifolia) occurs in eastern North America, in the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada, it is most common from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to southern Quebec, south to New Jersey and Pennsylvania, and more rare south to Virginia, and west to Ontario, Michigan and Indiana. There are estimated to be more than 3000 occurrences, including on on the Allegheny, George Washington and White Mountain National Forests, Shenandoah National Park, Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge, and on State Forests, State Parks, Wildlife Management Areas, and other conservation lands. Threats include the loss of habitat as a result of residential development and urbanization, and competition by invasive exotic plants.
Range Extent Comments
Gray Birch (Betula populifolia) occurs in eastern North America, in the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada, it is most common from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to southern Quebec, south to New Jersey and Pennsylvania, becoming more rare south to Virginia, and west to southern Ontario, Michigan and Indiana. It has been introduced outside this native range in North Carolina, Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota and elsewhere. The native range extent in North America was estimated to be 1.4 million square kilometers, using herbarium specimens and photo-based observations documented between 1993 and 2024 (FNA 1997, GBIF 2024, iNaturalist 2024, POWO 2024, SEINet 2024).
Occurrences Comments
By applying a 1 km separation distance to herbarium records and photo-based observations documented between 1993 and 2024, there are estimated to be more than 3000 occurrences of Gray Birch (Betula populifolia) rangewide (GBIF 2024, iNaturalist 2024, SEINet 2024).
Threat Impact Comments
Threats to Gray Birch (Betula populifolia) include the loss of habitat as a result of residential development and urbanization, and competition by invasive exotic plants.
Ecology & Habitat

Habitat

Gray Birch (Betula populifolia) occurs in rocky or sandy open woodlands, on mesic to dry slopes, and in old fields and young successional woodlands, at 100 to 600 m of elevation (FNA 1997).

Reproduction

Flowers in the late spring (FNA 1997).
Terrestrial Habitats
Woodland - HardwoodWoodland - MixedOld field
Other Nations (2)
CanadaN5
ProvinceRankNative
QuebecS4Yes
Nova ScotiaS5Yes
OntarioS4Yes
New BrunswickS5Yes
Prince Edward IslandS5Yes
United StatesN5
ProvinceRankNative
VermontS5Yes
New JerseyS5Yes
DelawareS2Yes
Rhode IslandSNRYes
VirginiaS1Yes
MaineSNRYes
IndianaS2Yes
MichiganS3Yes
West VirginiaSNANo
OhioS3Yes
PennsylvaniaS5Yes
ConnecticutSNRYes
North CarolinaSNANo
MarylandS1Yes
IllinoisSNANo
New HampshireSNRYes
MassachusettsSNRYes
New YorkS5Yes
Threat Assessments
ThreatScopeSeverityTiming
1 - Residential & commercial developmentSmall (1-10%)Serious or 31-70% pop. declineHigh (continuing)
1.1 - Housing & urban areasSmall (1-10%)Serious or 31-70% pop. declineHigh (continuing)
8 - Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseasesRestricted (11-30%)Moderate or 11-30% pop. declineHigh (continuing)
8.1 - Invasive non-native/alien species/diseasesRestricted (11-30%)Moderate or 11-30% pop. declineHigh (continuing)

Plant Characteristics
DurationDECIDUOUS
Economic Value (Genus)No
Roadless Areas (14)
Maine (1)
AreaForestAcres
Caribou - Speckled ExtWhite Mountain National Forest5,988
New Hampshire (10)
AreaForestAcres
Carr MountainWhite Mountain National Forest17,110
Great Gulf Ext.White Mountain National Forest15,110
JobildunkWhite Mountain National Forest3,660
Kinsman MountainWhite Mountain National Forest8,999
PemigewassetWhite Mountain National Forest32,255
Pemigewasset ExtWhite Mountain National Forest15,840
Presidential - Dry River ExtWhite Mountain National Forest10,555
Sandwich RangeWhite Mountain National Forest16,797
WatervilleWhite Mountain National Forest4,312
Wild RiverWhite Mountain National Forest46,878
Vermont (2)
AreaForestAcres
Bread LoafGreen Mountain and Finger Lakes National Forests1,768
Griffith Lake 09084Green Mountain and Finger Lakes National Forests1,833
Virginia (1)
AreaForestAcres
Southern MassanuttenGeorge Washington National Forest11,985
References (7)
  1. Flora of North America Editorial Committee (FNA). 1997. Flora of North America north of Mexico. Vol. 3. Magnoliophyta: Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae. Oxford Univ. Press, New York. xxiii + 590 pp.
  2. Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). 2024. Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) data portal. Online. Available: https://www.gbif.org/ (accessed 2024).
  3. iNaturalist. 2024. Online. Available: https://www.inaturalist.org (accessed 2024).
  4. Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.
  5. Little, E.L., Jr. 1979. Checklist of United States trees (native and naturalized). Agriculture Handbook No. 541. U.S. Forest Service, Washington, D.C. 375 pp.
  6. Plants of the World Online (POWO). 2024. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Online. Available: https://powo.science.kew.org/ (accessed 2024).
  7. Southwest Environmental Information Network (SEINet). 2024. Collections Databases. Online. Available: https://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/collections/index.php (accessed 2024).