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Home/Species/ Glaucous Gull

Larus hyperboreus

Gunnerus, 1767

Glaucous Gull

G5Secure Found in 8 roadless areas NatureServe Explorer →
G5SecureGlobal Rank
Least concernIUCN
Identity
Unique IDELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.101458
Element CodeABNNM03200
Record TypeSPECIES
ClassificationSpecies
Classification StatusStandard
Name CategoryVertebrate Animal
IUCNLeast concern
Endemicoccurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations
KingdomAnimalia
PhylumCraniata
ClassAves
OrderCharadriiformes
FamilyLaridae
GenusLarus
Other Common Names
Gaviota Blanca (ES) Goéland bourgmestre (FR)
Concept Reference
American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1998. Check-list of North American birds. Seventh edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. [as modified by subsequent supplements and corrections published in The Auk]. Also available online: http://www.aou.org/.
Taxonomic Comments
Closely related to other species within the Larus californicus complex; this complex poses one of the most complicated problems in ornithological systematics today (AOU 1983). Hybridizes with L. argentatus and L. glaucescens (AOU 1998). Allozyme data indicate a very close overall genetic similarity among L. argentatus, L. cachinnans, L. fuscus, L. glaucoides, L. hyperboreus, and L. marinus (Snell 1991a).
Conservation Status
Rank MethodExpertise without calculation
Review Date2016-04-09
Change Date1996-11-27
Range Extent Comments
BREEDS: arctic coasts, islands from northern Alaska east across northern Canada, Greenland, Iceland, northern Europe to eastern Siberia. WINTERS: from southern part of breeding range south to southern California and Virginia; occasional in Hawaii; in Old World, south to northern Europe and central Siberia.
Ecology & Habitat

Habitat

Primarily in coastal waters, less commonly along large inland bodies of water; sea coasts, bays, estuaries, dumps. Nests on cliffs, rocky coasts, islets in and borders of tundra lakes, coastal dunes. Also low islands and sandbars usually on or near coast; inland river bars; most common on barrier islands immediately offshore from rivers that flood in spring and thereby isolate the island from foxes (Johnson and Herter 1989).

Reproduction

Breeding begins late May to early June (Harrison 1978); egg laying occurs mainly mid- to late June in Beaufort Sea area (Johnson and Herter 1989). Both sexes incubate 2-3 eggs for 27-28 days (Terres 1980). Hatching begins in second week of July in Beaufort Sea area. Semi-precocial young are tended by both parents, fledge at 45-50 days, may be accompanied by adults into mid-September. Often nests in colonies, but may nest singly.
Terrestrial Habitats
Sand/duneCliff
Palustrine Habitats
Riparian
Other Nations (2)
CanadaN4B,N5N
ProvinceRankNative
Prince Edward IslandSUNYes
British ColumbiaSNRMYes
Nova ScotiaSNAYes
Northwest TerritoriesS4Yes
OntarioS4NYes
New BrunswickS2NYes
QuebecS4Yes
Island of NewfoundlandS5NYes
SaskatchewanS2NYes
Yukon TerritoryS2B,S3MYes
NunavutS4B,SUNYes
LabradorS3B,S3NYes
ManitobaSNAYes
United StatesN5B,N5N
ProvinceRankNative
OhioSNRNYes
WashingtonSNAYes
KentuckySNAYes
MarylandSNAYes
OregonSNAYes
ColoradoSNAYes
South DakotaS2NYes
District of ColumbiaS1NYes
New JerseyS4NYes
MaineS1NYes
AlaskaS5B,S4NYes
MissouriSNAYes
MichiganSNRNYes
IllinoisSNAYes
IndianaSNAYes
ConnecticutSNAYes
North DakotaSNAYes
VirginiaSNAYes
MassachusettsS1NYes
UtahS1NYes
South CarolinaSNAYes
FloridaSNAYes
IowaS2NYes
VermontSNAYes
TexasSNAYes
DelawareSNAYes
MinnesotaSNRNYes
AlabamaSNRNYes
New HampshireSNAYes
North CarolinaSNAYes
New YorkSNRNYes
Rhode IslandS2NYes
NebraskaSNRNYes
WisconsinSNAYes
Threat Assessments
ThreatScopeSeverityTiming
11 - Climate change & severe weatherPervasive (71-100%)UnknownLow (long-term)
11.1 - Habitat shifting & alterationPervasive (71-100%)UnknownLow (long-term)

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Roadless Areas (8)
Alaska (5)
AreaForestAcres
North BaranofTongass National Forest314,089
North KupreanofTongass National Forest114,660
RedoubtTongass National Forest68,347
RhineTongass National Forest23,010
Sitka UrbanTongass National Forest112,003
Oregon (1)
AreaForestAcres
TenmileSiuslaw National Forest10,818
Utah (2)
AreaForestAcres
CottonwoodDixie National Forest6,754
WellsvilleWasatch-Cache National Forest1,717
References (21)
  1. American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1983. Check-list of North American Birds, 6th edition. Allen Press, Inc., Lawrence, Kansas. 877 pp.
  2. American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1998. Check-list of North American birds. Seventh edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. [as modified by subsequent supplements and corrections published in <i>The Auk</i>]. Also available online: http://www.aou.org/.
  3. BirdLife International. 2004b. Threatened birds of the world 2004. CD ROM. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK.
  4. Evans, P. G. H. 1984a. The seabirds of Greenland: their status and conservation. Pages 49-84 in Croxall et al., eds. Status and conservation of the world's seabirds. ICBP Tech. Pub. No. 2.
  5. Evans, P. G. H. 1984b. Status and conservation of seabirds in northwest Europe (excluding Norways and the USSR). Pages 293-321 in Croxall et al., eds. Status and conservation of the world's seabirds. ICBP Tech. Pub. No. 2.
  6. Gaston, A. J., and J. M. Hipfner. 2000. Thick-billed Murre (<i>Uria lomvia</i>). No. 497 IN A. Poole and F. Gill, editors, The birds of North America. The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA. 32pp.
  7. Gaston, A. J., et al. 1994. Population parameters of thick-billed murres at Coats Island, Northwest Territories, Canada. Condor 96:935-948.
  8. Godfrey, W.E. 1966. The birds of Canada. National Museums of Canada. Ottawa. 428 pp.
  9. Golovkin, A. N. 1984. Seabirds nesting in the USSR: the status and protection of populations. Pages 473-486 in Croxall et al., eds. Status and conservation of the world's seabirds. ICBP Tech. Pub. No. 2.
  10. Harrison, C. 1978. A Field Guide to the Nests, Eggs and Nestlings of North American Birds. Collins, Cleveland, Ohio.
  11. Howell, S. N. G., and S. Webb. 1995. A guide to the birds of Mexico and northern Central America. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
  12. Johnson, S. R. and D. R. Herter. 1989. The Birds of the Beaufort Sea. BP Exploration (Alaska) Inc., Anchorage, Alaska. 372 pp.
  13. Lensink, C. J. 1984. The status and conservation of seabirds in Alaska. Pages 13-27 in Croxall et al., eds. Status and conservation of the world's seabirds. ICBP Tech. Publ. No. 2.
  14. Mostello, C. S., N. A. Palaia, and R. B. Clapp. 2000. Gray-backed Tern (Sterna lunata). No. 525 in A. Poole and F. Gill (editors). The birds of North America. The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA. 28 pp.
  15. Parker III, T. A., D. F. Stotz, and J. W. Fitzpatrick. 1996. Ecological and distributional databases for neotropical birds. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
  16. Pons, J. M., A. Hassanin, and P. A. Crochet. 2005. Phylogenetic relationships within the Laridae (Charadriiformes: Aves) inferred from mitochondrial markers. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 37:686-699.
  17. Poole, A. F. and F. B. Gill. 1992. The birds of North America. The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. and The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA.
  18. Schreiber, E. A., R. W. Schreiber, and G. A. Schenk. 1996. Red-footed Booby (<i>Sula sula</i>). No. 241 in A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The birds of North America. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, and The Amerian Ornithologists' Union, Washington, DC. 24 pp.
  19. Snell, R. R. 1991a. Interspecific allozyme differentiation among North Atlantic white-headed larid gulls. Auk 108:319-328.
  20. Terres, J. K. 1980. The Audubon Society encyclopedia of North American birds. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.
  21. The American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). Banks, R.C., R.T. Chesser, C. Cicero, J.L. Dunn, A.W. Kratter, I.J. Lovette, P.C. Rasmussen, J.V. Remsen, Jr., J.D. Rising, D.F. Stotz, and K. Winker. 2008. Forty-ninth supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American Birds. The Auk 125(3):758-768.