Borodinia laevigata

(Muhlenberg ex Willdenow) P.J. Alexander & Windham

Smooth Rockcress

G5Secure Found in 26 roadless areas NatureServe Explorer →
G5SecureGlobal Rank
UnknownThreat Impact
Identity
Unique IDELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.156741
Element CodePDBRA06102
Record TypeSPECIES
ClassificationSpecies
Classification StatusStandard
Name CategoryVascular Plant
Endemicoccurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations
KingdomPlantae
PhylumAnthophyta
ClassDicotyledoneae
OrderCapparales
FamilyBrassicaceae
GenusBorodinia
Synonyms
Arabis laevigata(Muhl. ex Willd.) Poir.Arabis laevigata var. laevigataBoechera laevigata(Muhlenberg ex Willdenow) Al-Shehbaz
Other Common Names
Arabette lisse (FR) smooth rockcress (EN)
Concept Reference
Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.
Taxonomic Comments
Windham and Al-Shehbaz (2007b) elevate Arabis laevigata var. burkii to full species as Boechera burkii. FNA (2010, vol. 7) follows this treatment. This record is for the narrow treatment of B. laevigata, excluding B. burkii and is equivalent in concept to A. laevigata var. laevigata sensu Kartesz (1994, 1999). Alexander et al. (2013) transfer Boechera laevigata to Borodinia laevigata.
Conservation Status
Rank Method Rank calculation - Biotics v2
Review Date2025-02-06
Change Date1990-03-16
Edition Date2025-02-06
Edition AuthorsSoteropoulos (2025)
Threat ImpactUnknown
Range Extent200,000 to >2,500,000 square km (about 80,000 to >1,000,000 square miles)
Number of Occurrences> 300
Rank Reasons
Borodinia laevigata is a wide-ranging biennial herb in a variety of habitats occurring in eastern and central North America from Ontario and Quebec, Canada south to the United States from Maine west to South Dakota and south to the Georgia west to Mississippi, Arkansas, and Oklahoma. Threats include invasive species, timber harvest, recreational activities, lack of fire leading to succession, and likely other threats in some places. Little is known about trends, but with a large range extent and large number of occurrences, abundant habitat, broad habitat preferences, and no obvious intrinsic vulnerabilities, this species is considered secure.
Range Extent Comments
Borodinia laevigata occurs in eastern and central North America from Ontario and Quebec, Canada south to the United States from Maine west to South Dakota and south to the Georgia west to Mississippi, Arkansas, and Oklahoma (FNA 2010, Weakley and the Southeastern Flora Team 2024). Range extent was estimated to be over 2.3 million square kilometers using herbarium specimens, photo-based observations, and NatureServe Network occurrence data documented between 1994 and 2025 (GBIF 2025, iNaturalist 2025, NatureServe 2025, SEINet 2025).
Occurrences Comments
By applying a 1 km separation distance to herbarium specimens, photo-based observations, and NatureServe Network occurrence data documented between 1994 and 2025, it is estimated that there are over 1300 occurrences rangewide (GBIF 2025, iNaturalist 2025, NatureServe 2025, SEINet 2025).
Threat Impact Comments
Although threats are not widely documented, this species is threatened by invasive species, timber harvest, recreational activities, lack of fire leading to succession, and other threats in some places (NatureServe 2025). There is insufficient data, including anecdotal accounts, to understand the scope and severity of threats for this taxon. However, their overall impact is likely negligible given the species' broad range, large number of occurrences, and no obvious intrinsic vulnerabilities.
Ecology & Habitat

Habitat

Borodinia laevigata grows in "rocky bluffs, cedar glades, wooded hillsides, floodplains," and "rocky woodlands and forests, rock outcrops, especially mafic or calcareous, but also on more acidic substrates, rarely also in bottomlands" (FNA 2010, Weakley and the Southeastern Flora Team 2024).
Terrestrial Habitats
Forest/WoodlandForest - HardwoodForest - ConiferForest - MixedWoodland - HardwoodWoodland - ConiferWoodland - MixedBare rock/talus/screeCliff
Palustrine Habitats
FORESTED WETLANDRiparian
Other Nations (2)
United StatesN5
ProvinceRankNative
MaineS1Yes
TennesseeSNRYes
MississippiSNRYes
DelawareS1Yes
VirginiaS5Yes
North CarolinaS4Yes
GeorgiaS4Yes
South CarolinaSNRYes
South DakotaSNRYes
ConnecticutSNRYes
ArkansasSNRYes
New YorkS5Yes
Rhode IslandSNRYes
West VirginiaS4Yes
District of ColumbiaSNRYes
KentuckyS5Yes
WisconsinSNRYes
MarylandSNRYes
MassachusettsS2Yes
IowaS3Yes
IndianaS5Yes
MichiganSNRYes
MissouriSNRYes
MinnesotaS3Yes
VermontS2Yes
New HampshireS1Yes
AlabamaSNRYes
KansasS1Yes
OhioSNRYes
OklahomaSNRYes
IllinoisSNRYes
New JerseyS5Yes
PennsylvaniaS5Yes
CanadaN4
ProvinceRankNative
QuebecS2Yes
OntarioS4Yes
Threat Assessments

Plant Characteristics
DurationBIENNIAL
Economic Value (Genus)No
Roadless Areas (26)
Arkansas (3)
AreaForestAcres
Brush HeapOuachita National Forest4,205
Clifty CanyonOzark-St. Francis National Forest1,963
Gee CreekOzark-St. Francis National Forest7,957
Georgia (1)
AreaForestAcres
Joe GapChattahoochee National Forest5,321
Kentucky (1)
AreaForestAcres
WolfpenDaniel Boone National Forest2,835
North Carolina (7)
AreaForestAcres
Balsam ConePisgah National Forest10,591
Cheoah BaldNantahala National Forest7,795
Graveyard Ridge (addition)Pisgah National Forest1,958
Lost CovePisgah National Forest5,944
Sam Knob (addition)Pisgah National Forest2,576
Wilson CreekPisgah National Forest4,863
Woods MountainPisgah National Forest9,602
Virginia (9)
AreaForestAcres
Beards MountainGeorge Washington National Forest7,505
Garden MountainJefferson National Forest3,960
Gum RunGeorge Washington National Forest12,620
Little RiverGeorge Washington National Forest27,292
North MountainJefferson National Forest8,377
Northern MassanuttenGeorge Washington National Forest9,444
Oak KnobGeorge Washington National Forest10,882
Ramseys Draft AdditionGeorge Washington National Forest12,781
SkidmoreGeorge Washington National Forest5,641
West Virginia (5)
AreaForestAcres
Dolly Sods Roaring PlainMonongahela National Forest13,392
Dry River (WV)George Washington National Forest7,331
Mcgowan MountainMonongahela National Forest10,504
North Mountain HopevilleMonongahela National Forest6,525
Seneca CreekMonongahela National Forest22,287
References (8)
  1. Alexander, P.J., M.D. Windham, J.B. Beck, I.A. Al-Shehbaz, L. Allphin, and C.D. Bailey. 2013. Molecular phylogenetics and taxonomy of the genus <i>Boechera</i> and related genera (Brassicaceae: Boechereae). Systematic Botany 38(1): 192-209.
  2. Flora of North America Editorial Committee (FNA). 2010. Flora of North America north of Mexico. Vol. 7. Magnoliophyta: Salicaceae to Brassicaceae. Oxford University Press, New York. xxii + 797 pp.
  3. Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). 2025. Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) data portal. Online. Available: https://www.gbif.org/ (accessed 2025).
  4. iNaturalist. 2025. Online. Available: https://www.inaturalist.org (accessed 2025).
  5. Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.
  6. NatureServe. 2025. NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia.
  7. Southwest Environmental Information Network (SEINet). 2025. Collections Databases. Online. Available: https://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/collections/index.php (accessed 2025).
  8. Windham, M.D., and I.A. Al-Shehbaz. 2007b. New and noteworthy species of <i>Boechera</i> (Brassicaceae) III: Additional sexual diploids and apomictic hybrids. Harvard Papers in Botany 12(1): 235-257.