Allium tricoccum
Ait.
Ramp
G5SecureGlobal Rank
UnknownThreat Impact
Identity
Unique IDELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.794001
Element CodePMLIL02340
Record TypeSPECIES
ClassificationSpecies
Classification StatusStandard
Name CategoryVascular Plant
Endemicoccurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations
KingdomPlantae
PhylumAnthophyta
ClassMonocotyledoneae
OrderAsparagales
FamilyAmaryllidaceae
GenusAllium
Synonyms
Ophioscorodon tricoccum(Aiton) Wallr.Validallium tricoccum(Aiton) Small
Other Common Names
Ail des bois (FR) Small White Leek (EN) Wild Leek (EN)
Concept Reference
Flora of North America Editorial Committee (FNA). 2002a. Flora of North America north of Mexico. Vol. 26. Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales. Oxford Univ. Press, New York. xxvi + 723 pp.
Taxonomic Comments
This record represents the broad concept of Allium tricoccum following Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2002) including two varieties, A. tricoccum var. burdickii and A. tricoccum var. tricoccum. In contrast, Kartesz (1994, 1999) and Weakley (2023) treat A. burdickii and A. tricoccum as distinct species. Weakley (2023) notes "Populations attributed to A. burdickii in the broader area of this flora probably represent several different taxa (H. Ballard, pers. comm., 2018); they are treated under A. burdickii pending clarification."
Conservation Status
Rank Method Rank calculation - Biotics v2
Review Date2024-07-24
Change Date2006-04-06
Edition Date2024-07-24
Edition AuthorsSoteropoulos (2024)
Threat ImpactUnknown
Range Extent>2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)
Number of Occurrences> 300
Rank Reasons
Allium tricoccum is a wide-ranging perennial herb in hardwood forests, coves, and slopes in eastern North America from Nova Scotia west to Ontario, Canada, and North Dakota, United States, south to Georgia, Alabama, Arkansas, and Oklahoma. It faces threats from forest management practices and over-harvest. Little is known about trends, but with a large range extent and number of occurrences, this species is considered secure.
Range Extent Comments
Allium tricoccum occurs in eastern North America, from Nova Scotia west to Ontario, Canada, and North Dakota, United States, south to Georgia, Alabama, Arkansas, and Oklahoma (FNA 2002, Weakley and the Southeastern Flora Team 2024). Range extent was estimated to be over 2.7 million square kilometers using herbarium specimens, photo-based observations, and NatureServe Network occurrence data documented between 1993 and 2024 (GBIF 2024, iNaturalist 2024, NatureServe 2024, SEINet 2024). See individual entries for distribution details about the two varieties.
Occurrences Comments
By applying a 1 km separation distance to herbarium specimens, photo-based observations, and NatureServe Network occurrence data documented between 1993 and 2024, it is estimated that there are over 1,000 occurrences rangewide (GBIF 2024, iNaturalist 2024, NatureServe 2024, SEINet 2024).
Threat Impact Comments
Although threats are not widely documented, Allium tricoccum is threatened by development, recreational activities, forest management practices and over-harvest, and to a lesser extent by land-use conversion and habitat fragmentation (Southern Appalachian Species Viability Project 2002), though there is insufficient data, including anecdotal accounts, to understand scope and severity of threats for this species.
Ecology & Habitat
Habitat
Allium tricoccum grows in northern hardwood forests, cove forests, and rich, mesic slope forests and in depressions, streamside bluffs, and colluvial slopes (FNA 2002, Weakley and the Southeastern Flora Team 2024).
Terrestrial Habitats
Forest - Hardwood
Other Nations (2)
United StatesN5
| Province | Rank | Native |
|---|---|---|
| Ohio | SNR | Yes |
| Minnesota | SNR | Yes |
| Vermont | S4 | Yes |
| Georgia | SNR | Yes |
| Alabama | SNR | Yes |
| Missouri | SNR | Yes |
| Oklahoma | SNR | Yes |
| Virginia | SNR | Yes |
| Indiana | SNR | Yes |
| Maryland | SNR | Yes |
| New York | SNR | Yes |
| West Virginia | SNR | Yes |
| Kentucky | SNR | Yes |
| Iowa | SNR | Yes |
| Connecticut | SNR | Yes |
| Michigan | SNR | Yes |
| Rhode Island | SNR | Yes |
| North Dakota | SNR | Yes |
| Pennsylvania | SNR | Yes |
| Tennessee | SNR | Yes |
| District of Columbia | SNR | Yes |
| Delaware | SNR | Yes |
| Arkansas | SNR | Yes |
| New Hampshire | SNR | Yes |
| Illinois | SNR | Yes |
| Wisconsin | SNR | Yes |
| Nebraska | SNR | Yes |
| Massachusetts | SNR | Yes |
| Maine | S3 | Yes |
| South Dakota | SNR | Yes |
| North Carolina | SNR | Yes |
| New Jersey | SNR | Yes |
CanadaN4
| Province | Rank | Native |
|---|---|---|
| Ontario | S4 | Yes |
| New Brunswick | S2 | Yes |
| Nova Scotia | S2 | Yes |
| Quebec | S3 | Yes |
Threat Assessments
| Threat | Scope | Severity | Timing |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 - Residential & commercial development | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown |
| 2 - Agriculture & aquaculture | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown |
| 2.1 - Annual & perennial non-timber crops | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown |
| 2.1.4 - Scale unknown/unrecorded | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown |
| 5 - Biological resource use | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown |
| 5.3 - Logging & wood harvesting | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown |
| 6 - Human intrusions & disturbance | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown |
| 6.1 - Recreational activities | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown |
Plant Characteristics
DurationPERENNIAL
Economic Value (Genus)Yes
Roadless Areas (52)
Georgia (1)
| Area | Forest | Acres |
|---|---|---|
| Kelly Ridge | Chattahoochee National Forest | 8,325 |
Minnesota (1)
| Area | Forest | Acres |
|---|---|---|
| Cabin Creek | Superior National Forest | 6,071 |
New Hampshire (1)
| Area | Forest | Acres |
|---|---|---|
| Kearsarge | White Mountain National Forest | 4,554 |
North Carolina (13)
| Area | Forest | Acres |
|---|---|---|
| Balsam Cone | Pisgah National Forest | 10,591 |
| Barkers Creek (addition) | Nantahala National Forest | 975 |
| Bearwallow | Pisgah National Forest | 4,113 |
| Big Indian (addition) | Nantahala National Forest | 1,155 |
| Chunky Gal (addition) | Nantahala National Forest | 3,336 |
| Craggy Mountain | Pisgah National Forest | 2,657 |
| Graveyard Ridge (addition) | Pisgah National Forest | 1,958 |
| Jarrett Creek | Pisgah National Forest | 7,485 |
| Lost Cove | Pisgah National Forest | 5,944 |
| Sam Knob (addition) | Pisgah National Forest | 2,576 |
| Snowbird | Nantahala National Forest | 8,489 |
| Tusquitee Bald | Nantahala National Forest | 13,670 |
| Wilson Creek | Pisgah National Forest | 4,863 |
Tennessee (2)
| Area | Forest | Acres |
|---|---|---|
| Sampson Mountain Addition | Cherokee National Forest | 3,064 |
| Slide Hollow | Cherokee National Forest | 4,057 |
Vermont (4)
| Area | Forest | Acres |
|---|---|---|
| Bread Loaf | Green Mountain and Finger Lakes National Forests | 1,768 |
| Devil's Den 09083 | Green Mountain and Finger Lakes National Forests | 9,169 |
| Griffith Lake 09084 | Green Mountain and Finger Lakes National Forests | 1,833 |
| Wilder Mountain 09082 | Green Mountain and Finger Lakes National Forests | 8,759 |
Virginia (9)
| Area | Forest | Acres |
|---|---|---|
| Laurel Fork | George Washington National Forest | 9,967 |
| Lewis Fork Addition | Jefferson National Forest | 749 |
| Little Alleghany | George Washington National Forest | 10,215 |
| Little Wilson Creek Addition B | Jefferson National Forest | 1,725 |
| Mountain Lake Addition A | Jefferson National Forest | 1,469 |
| Mountain Lake Addition B (VA) | Jefferson National Forest | 3,405 |
| Raccoon Branch | Jefferson National Forest | 4,388 |
| Rogers Run | Jefferson National Forest | 181 |
| Seng Mountain | Jefferson National Forest | 6,428 |
West Virginia (14)
| Area | Forest | Acres |
|---|---|---|
| Canaan Loop | Monongahela National Forest | 7,867 |
| Cheat Mountain | Monongahela National Forest | 8,191 |
| Cranberry Addition | Monongahela National Forest | 11,123 |
| Cranberry Glades Botanical Area | Monongahela National Forest | 785 |
| Dolly Sods Roaring Plain | Monongahela National Forest | 13,392 |
| Dry Fork | Monongahela National Forest | 657 |
| East Fork Of Greenbrier | Monongahela National Forest | 7,167 |
| Falls Of Hills Creek | Monongahela National Forest | 6,925 |
| Gauley Mountain | Monongahela National Forest | 13,285 |
| Glady Fork | Monongahela National Forest | 3,239 |
| Mcgowan Mountain | Monongahela National Forest | 10,504 |
| Mountain Lake Addition B (WV) | Jefferson National Forest | 557 |
| Seneca Creek | Monongahela National Forest | 22,287 |
| Turkey Mountain | Monongahela National Forest | 6,421 |
Wisconsin (7)
| Area | Forest | Acres |
|---|---|---|
| 09154 - St. Peters Dome | Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest | 4,002 |
| 09159 - Thornapple | Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest | 9,744 |
| 09162 - Moose | Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest | 6,161 |
| 09164 - Tea Lake | Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest | 5,510 |
| 09166 - East Torch | Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest | 4,647 |
| 09177 - Le Roy Creek | Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest | 8,138 |
| 09182 - Pentoga Road | Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest | 5,008 |
References (9)
- Flora of North America Editorial Committee (FNA). 2002a. Flora of North America north of Mexico. Vol. 26. Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales. Oxford Univ. Press, New York. xxvi + 723 pp.
- Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). 2024. Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) data portal. Online. Available: https://www.gbif.org/ (accessed 2024).
- iNaturalist. 2024. Online. Available: https://www.inaturalist.org (accessed 2024).
- Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.
- Kartesz, J.T. 1999. A synonymized checklist and atlas with biological attributes for the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. First edition. In: Kartesz, J.T., and C.A. Meacham. Synthesis of the North American Flora, Version 1.0. North Carolina Botanical Garden, Chapel Hill, N.C.
- NatureServe. 2024. NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia.
- Southern Appalachian Species Viability Project. 2002. A partnership between the U.S. Forest Service-Region 8, Natural Heritage Programs in the Southeast, NatureServe, and independent scientists to develop and review data on 1300+ regionally and locally rare species in the Southern Appalachian and Alabama region. Database (Access 97) provided to the U.S. Forest Service by NatureServe, Durham, North Carolina.
- Southwest Environmental Information Network (SEINet). 2024. Collections Databases. Online. Available: https://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/collections/index.php (accessed 2024).
- Weakley, A.S., and Southeastern Flora Team. 2024. Flora of the southeastern United States. Edition of March 4, 2024. University of North Carolina Herbarium (NCU), North Carolina Botanical Garden, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. 2203 pp.