Home/Species/ Smoke Hole Bergamot

Monarda brevis

(Fosberg & Artz) Floden

Smoke Hole Bergamot

G1Critically Imperiled (G1G2) Found in 1 roadless area NatureServe Explorer →

G1Critically ImperiledGlobal Rank

HighThreat Impact

Identity

Unique IDELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.139254

Element CodePDLAM17078

Record TypeSPECIES

ClassificationSpecies

Classification StatusStandard

Name CategoryVascular Plant

Endemicendemic to a single nation

KingdomPlantae

PhylumAnthophyta

ClassDicotyledoneae

OrderLamiales

FamilyLamiaceae

GenusMonarda

Synonyms

Monarda fistulosa ssp. 1Monarda fistulosa ssp. brevis(Fosberg & Artz) Scora, comb. nov. ined.Monarda fistulosa var. brevisFosberg & Artz

Other Common Names

wild bergamot (EN)

Concept Reference

Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.

Taxonomic Comments

This was originally a placeholder for an unpublished combination, for the taxon recognized in Kartesz (1994, 1999) as "ssp. brevis (Fosberg & Artz) Scora, comb. nov. ined.", with Monarda fistulosa var. brevis Fosberg & Artz as a synonym (Fosberg and Artz 1953). Research confirms that it is distinct from other plants of Monarda fistulosa (Fosberg and Artz 1953, Kimball et al. 2001, Scora 1967, Weakley 2011). In 2017, Weakley et al. elevated this taxon to full species level and published the new combination Monarda brevis.

Conservation Status

Rank MethodLegacy Rank calculation - Excel v3.1x

Review Date2012-04-06

Change Date2012-04-06

Edition Date2012-04-06

Edition AuthorsBartgis, R., (9/1986); rev. D. Gries (12/1997), B. MacBryde (2/2001), rev. C. Nordman (2012).

Threat ImpactHigh

Range Extent1000-5000 square km (about 400-2000 square miles)

Number of Occurrences1 - 20

Rank Reasons

A characteristic plant of limestone barrens and woodlands in localized areas of the Ridge and Valley Province in eastern West Virginia; also in western Virginia. Plants are clonal to some extent. The taxon has a localized known distribution (about 30 sq. miles, 50 acres of plants in total). A significant percentage faces immediate threats (grazing, quarrying, invasive plants), and the habitat is susceptible to disturbance.

Range Extent Comments

Known from 7 counties in West Virginia (EO data in the NatureServe central database as of April 2012), and 1 in Virginia (Virginia Botanical Associates 2012). This plant is characteristic of rare limestone cedar glades and barrens (Bartgis 1993) in the Ridge and Valley of West Virginia. It is known from the South Branch Potomac River, Gauley River and New River watersheds (EO data in the NatureServe central database as of April 2012). It only occurs at very specialized locations within its overall range.

Occurrences Comments

13 known occurrences in West Virginia (EO data in the NatureServe central database as of April 2012). One historic location near the New River in Giles Co., VA (Virginia Botanical Associates 2012).

Threat Impact Comments

2 populations immediately adjacent to active limestone quarries; 1 receives occasional grazing impacts from adjacent pastures (West Virginia). Also threatened by competition from exotics (Southern Appalachian Species Viability Project 2002).

Ecology & Habitat

Habitat

Mid-appalachian cedar glades and dry limestone outcrops/ barrens; often found on thin, unstable limestone slopes. Habitat is limestone outcrops, cliffs, barrens, and glades, and on limestone talus (Weakley 2017).

Terrestrial Habitats

BarrensBare rock/talus/screeCliff

Other Nations (1)

United StatesN1

Province	Rank	Native
Virginia	SH	Yes
West Virginia	S1	Yes

Threat Assessments

Threat	Scope	Severity	Timing
2 - Agriculture & aquaculture	Small (1-10%)	Moderate or 11-30% pop. decline	High (continuing)
2.3 - Livestock farming & ranching	Small (1-10%)	Moderate or 11-30% pop. decline	High (continuing)
3 - Energy production & mining	Restricted (11-30%)	Serious or 31-70% pop. decline	High - moderate
3.2 - Mining & quarrying	Restricted (11-30%)	Serious or 31-70% pop. decline	High - moderate
6 - Human intrusions & disturbance	Small (1-10%)	Moderate or 11-30% pop. decline	Moderate - low
6.1 - Recreational activities	Small (1-10%)	Moderate or 11-30% pop. decline	Moderate - low
8 - Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases	Large - small	Moderate or 11-30% pop. decline	High - moderate
8.1 - Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases	Large - small	Moderate or 11-30% pop. decline	High - moderate

Plant Characteristics

DurationPERENNIAL

Economic Value (Genus)No

Roadless Areas (1)

West Virginia (1)

Area	Forest	Acres
North Mountain Hopeville	Monongahela National Forest	6,525

References (13)

Bartgis, R. L. 1993. The limestone glades and barrens of West Virginia. Castanea 58:69-89.
Fosberg, F.R., and L. Artz. 1953. The varieties of Monarda fistulosa L. Castanea 18: 128-130.
Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.
Kartesz, J.T. 1999. A synonymized checklist and atlas with biological attributes for the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. First edition. In: Kartesz, J.T., and C.A. Meacham. Synthesis of the North American Flora, Version 1.0. North Carolina Botanical Garden, Chapel Hill, N.C.
Kimball, R. T., D. J. Crawford, J. R. Page and P. J. Harmon 2001. Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) diversity within Monarda fistulosa var. brevis (Lamiaceae) and divergence between var. brevis and var. fistulosa in West Virginia. Brittonia 53(4): 511-518.
Missouri Botanical Garden. 2018. Tropicos Internet Database. URL: http://www.tropicos.org. Accessed in 2018.
Scora, R. W. 1967. Interspecific relationships in the genus Monarda (Labiatae). Univ. Ca. Publ. Bot. 41:1-71.
Southern Appalachian Species Viability Project. 2002. A partnership between the U.S. Forest Service-Region 8, Natural Heritage Programs in the Southeast, NatureServe, and independent scientists to develop and review data on 1300+ regionally and locally rare species in the Southern Appalachian and Alabama region. Database (Access 97) provided to the U.S. Forest Service by NatureServe, Durham, North Carolina.
Strausbaugh, P.D., and E.L. Core. 1978. Flora of West Virginia. Seneca Books, Inc., Grantsville, WV. 1079 pp.
Virginia Botanical Associates. 2012. Digital Atlas of the Virginia Flora (http://www.vaplantatlas.org). c/o Virginia Botanical Associates, Blacksburg. [Accessed: April 5, 2012].
Weakley, A.S. 2000. Flora of the Carolinas and Virginia: working draft of May 15, 2000. Unpublished draft, The Nature Conservancy, Southern Resource Office.
Weakley, A. S. 2011. Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States. Working Draft of 15 May 2011. University of North Carolina Herbarium (NCU), North Carolina Botanical Garden, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Online. Available: http://herbarium.unc.edu/flora.htm (Accessed 2012).
Weakley, A.S., D.B. Poindexter, R.J. LeBlond, B.A. Sorrie, C.H. Karsson, P.J. Williams, E.I Bridges, S.L. Orzell, B.R. Keener, A. Weekes, R.D. Noyes, M. Florez-Cruz, J.T. Diggs, G.D. Dan, and A.J. Floden. 2017. New combinations, rank changes, and nomenclatural and taxonomic comments in the vascular flora of the southeastern United States. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 11(2): 291-325.

Monarda brevis

Habitat

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