Micruroides euryxanthus

(Kennicott, 1860)

Sonoran Coralsnake

G5Secure Found in 15 roadless areas NatureServe Explorer →
G5SecureGlobal Rank
Least concernIUCN
LowThreat Impact
Identity
Unique IDELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.104366
Element CodeARADC01010
Record TypeSPECIES
ClassificationSpecies
Classification StatusStandard
Name CategoryVertebrate Animal
IUCNLeast concern
Endemicoccurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations
KingdomAnimalia
PhylumCraniata
ClassReptilia
OrderSquamata
FamilyElapidae
GenusMicruroides
Other Common Names
Arizona Coral Snake (EN) Western Coral Snake (EN)
Concept Reference
Castoe, T. A., E. N. Smith, R. M. Brown, and C. L. Parkinson. 2007. Higher-level phylogeny of Asian and American coralsnakes, their placement within the Elapidae (Squamata), and the systematic affinities of the enigmatic Asian coralsnake Hemibungarus calligaster. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 151(4):809-831.
Conservation Status
Review Date2006-08-26
Change Date1996-10-31
Edition Date2006-08-26
Edition AuthorsHammerson, G.
Threat ImpactLow
Range Extent200,000-2,500,000 square km (about 80,000-1,000,000 square miles)
Number of Occurrences21 - 300
Range Extent Comments
The range extends from northwestern and central Arizona (Lowe et al. 1986; Cobb, 2004, Herpetol. Rev. 35:293) and extreme southwestern New Mexico (Degenhardt et al. 1996) south through Sonora and western Chuhuahua to southern Sinaloa, Mexico, from sea level to 1,900 meters (Degenhardt et al. 1996, Ernst and Ernst 2003, Stebbins 2003).
Occurrences Comments
This species is represented by a large number of occurrences (subpopulations). On a range-wide scale, Campbell and Lamar (2004) mapped about 60 collection sites. Degenhardt et al. (1996) mapped 14 collection sites in New Mexico. This secretive snake likely occurs in substantially more locations than are presently known (Campbell and Lamar 2004).
Threat Impact Comments
No major threats are known.
Ecology & Habitat

Habitat

Habitats include grassland, farmland, desert, brushland, thornscrub, thornforest, tropical deciduous forest, and lower pine-oak woodland, from plains to lower mountain slopes (Stebbins 2003, Campbell and Lamar 2004). In Arizona, this species most commonly associated with rocky bajadas, slopes, and canyons of upland desert scrub and desert grassland (Lowe e al. 1986). In New Mexico, it is most often found on rocky bajadas or in broad river valleys with mesquite, occasionally on creosotebush flats of valley floors (Degenhardt et al. 1996). It sometimes enters buildings (Ernst and Ernst 2003). This is a fossorial snake that emerges into the open usually at night or sometimes on cloudy days (Degenhardt et al. 1996).

Reproduction

See Goldberg (1997).
Terrestrial Habitats
Woodland - HardwoodWoodland - MixedShrubland/chaparralGrassland/herbaceousDesertBare rock/talus/screeCropland/hedgerow
Palustrine Habitats
Riparian
Other Nations (1)
United StatesN5
ProvinceRankNative
ArizonaS5Yes
New MexicoS3Yes
Roadless Areas (15)
Arizona (13)
AreaForestAcres
Black CrossTonto National Forest5,966
Catalina St. Pk. Roadless AreaCoronado National Forest951
Cdo WsaCoronado National Forest1,955
ChiricahuaCoronado National Forest76,876
GaliuroCoronado National Forest28,333
GoldfieldTonto National Forest15,257
Lime CreekTonto National Forest42,568
Middle Romero WSRCoronado National Forest60
Oracle RoadlessCoronado National Forest22,365
PinalenoCoronado National Forest130,920
Santa RitaCoronado National Forest6,078
TumacacoriCoronado National Forest44,594
WhetstoneCoronado National Forest20,728
New Mexico (2)
AreaForestAcres
Devils CreekGila National Forest89,916
Gila BoxGila National Forest23,759
References (18)
  1. Behler, J. L., and F. W. King. 1979. The Audubon Society field guide to North American reptiles and amphibians. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. 719 pp.
  2. Campbell, J. A., and W. W. Lamar. 1989. The venomous reptiles of Latin America. Comstock Publ. Associates, Division of Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, New York. xii + 425 pp.
  3. Campbell, J. A., and W. W. Lamar. 2004. The venomous reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. 2 volumes. Cornell University Press.
  4. Castoe, T. A., E. N. Smith, R. M. Brown, and C. L. Parkinson. 2007. Higher-level phylogeny of Asian and American coralsnakes, their placement within the Elapidae (Squamata), and the systematic affinities of the enigmatic Asian coralsnake <i>Hemibungarus calligaster</i>. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 151(4):809-831.
  5. Collins, J. T. 1990. Standard common and current scientific names for North American amphibians and reptiles. 3rd ed. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. Herpetological Circular No. 19. 41 pp.
  6. Crother, B. I. (editor). 2008. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. Sixth edition. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles Herpetological Circular 37:1-84. Online with updates at: http://www.ssarherps.org/pages/comm_names/Index.php
  7. Crother, B. I. (editor). 2012. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. 7th edition. SSAR Herpetological Circular 39:1-92.
  8. Crother, B. I. (editor). 2017. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. 8th edition. SSAR Herpetological Circular 43:1-104. [Updates in SSAR North American Species Names Database at: https://ssarherps.org/cndb]
  9. Degenhardt, W. G., C. W. Painter, and A. H. Price. 1996. Amphibians and reptiles of New Mexico. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. xix + 431 pp.
  10. Ernst, C. H. 1992. Venomous reptiles of North America. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. ix + 236 pp.
  11. Goldberg, S. R. 1997. Reproduction in the western coral snake, <i>Micruroides euryxanthus</i> (Elapidae), from Arizona and Sonora, Mexico. Great Basin Naturalist 57:363-365.
  12. Lowe, C. H., C. R. Schwalbe, and T. B. Johnson. 1986. The venomous reptiles of Arizona. Arizona Game and Fish Department. ix + 115 pp.
  13. Nicholson, K. E. (ed.). 2025. Scientific and Standard English Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of North America North of Mexico, with Comments Regarding Confidence in Our Understanding. Ninth Edition. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. 87pp. Online database available at: https://cnah.org/SSARnames.aspx
  14. Roze, J.A. 1974. <i>Micruroides</i>, M. <i>euryxanthus</i>. Cat. Am. Amph. Rep. 163.1-163.4.
  15. Slowinski, J. B. 1995. A phylogenetic analysis of the New World coral snakes (Elapidae: <i>Leptomicrurus</i>, <i>Micruroides</i>, and <i>Micrurus</i>) based on allozymic and morphological characters. Journal of Herpetology 29:325-338.
  16. Slowinski, J. B., and J. S. Keogh. 2000. Phylogenetic relationships of elapid snakes based on cytochrome b mtDNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 15:157-164.
  17. Stebbins, R. C. 1985a. A field guide to western reptiles and amphibians. Second edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts. xiv + 336 pp.
  18. Stebbins, R. C. 2003. A field guide to western reptiles and amphibians. Third edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.