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Rhamnus ilicifolia

Kellogg

Hollyleaf Redberry

G5Secure Found in 112 roadless areas NatureServe Explorer →
G5SecureGlobal Rank
UnknownThreat Impact
Identity
Unique IDELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.138985
Element CodePDRHA0C062
Record TypeSPECIES
ClassificationSpecies
Classification StatusStandard
Name CategoryVascular Plant
Endemicoccurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations
KingdomPlantae
PhylumAnthophyta
ClassDicotyledoneae
OrderRhamnales
FamilyRhamnaceae
GenusRhamnus
Synonyms
Rhamnus crocea ssp. ilicifolia(Kellogg) C.B. WolfRhamnus crocea var. ilicifolia(Kellogg) Greene
Other Common Names
hollyleaf redberry (EN) Redberry (EN)
Concept Reference
Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.
Taxonomic Comments
Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2016) treat Rhamnus crocea, R. ilicifolia, R. pilosa as distinct species, also mentioning the Mexico endemic R. insula, which was treated by Wolf (1938) as R. crocea ssp. insula. In contrast, Kartesz (1994) recognized the taxa in the flora area as subspecies: R. crocea ssp. crocea, R. crocea ssp. ilicifolia, and R. crocea ssp. pilosa. R. ilicifolia was considered to be a distinct species in Kartesz (1999) and Hickman (1993).
Conservation Status
Rank Method Rank calculation - Biotics v2
Review Date2024-06-26
Change Date2000-11-22
Edition Date2024-06-26
Edition AuthorsMacBryde, Bruce (2000), rev. N. Ventrella (2024)
Threat ImpactUnknown
Range Extent200,000-2,500,000 square km (about 80,000-1,000,000 square miles)
Number of Occurrences> 300
Rank Reasons
Rhamnus ilicifolia is a perennial shrub or tree occurring on canyon slopes, on rock faces, hillsides, ridges, roadsides, along streams, meadows, in desert scrub, chaparral, woodlands, and montane forests of western North America from Oregon and California east to Arizona, United States, and in Baja California, Mexico. There are over 600 occurrences of this species, which are potentially threatened by development, right of way maintenance, invasive species, and fire. However, with a large range extent, high number of occurrences, and broad habitat preferences for abundant habitat, Rhamnus ilicifolia is considered secure.
Range Extent Comments
Rhamnus ilicifolia occurs in western North America from Oregon and California east to Arizona, United States, and in Baja California, Mexico (FNA 2016). Range extent was estimated to be 640,020 square kilometers using herbarium specimens and photo-based observations documented between 1993 and 2024 (GBIF 2024, iNaturalist 2024, SEINet 2024).
Occurrences Comments
By applying a 1 km separation distance to herbarium specimens and photo-based observations documented between 1993 and 2024, it is estimated that there are 654 occurrences rangewide (GBIF 2024, iNaturalist 2024, SEINet 2024).
Threat Impact Comments
Although threats are not widely documented, Rhamnus ilicifolia is potentially threatened by development, road maintenance, invasive species, fire, and other threats in some places (NatureServe 2024). However, their overall impact is likely negligible given species' broad range, large number of occurrences, tolerance of light disturbance, and affinity for typically abundant habitats, as well as no obvious intrinsic vulnerabilities.
Ecology & Habitat

Habitat

Rhamnus ilicifolia occurs on "canyon slopes and bottoms, rock faces, open hillsides, sandstone ridges, serpentine slopes, roadsides, stream benches, riparian areas, meadows, coastal sage scrub, chaparral/desert transition, chaparral, woodlands, [and] montane forests" (FNA 2016).
Terrestrial Habitats
Forest/WoodlandShrubland/chaparralGrassland/herbaceousDesertBare rock/talus/scree
Palustrine Habitats
Riparian
Other Nations (1)
United StatesN5
ProvinceRankNative
NevadaS1Yes
CaliforniaSNRYes
ArizonaSNRYes
OregonS1Yes
Threat Assessments
ThreatScopeSeverityTiming
Unknown/undetermined———

—

Plant Characteristics
DurationPERENNIAL
Economic Value (Genus)No
Roadless Areas (112)
Arizona (19)
AreaForestAcres
Arnold MesaPrescott National Forest12,286
Black CanyonPrescott National Forest10,683
Blind Indian CreekPrescott National Forest26,847
BoulderTonto National Forest40,359
Butterfly Roadless AreaCoronado National Forest42,296
Cimarron HillsCoconino National Forest5,303
GaliuroCoronado National Forest28,333
Grief HillPrescott National Forest12,535
Hell HoleApache-Sitgreaves National Forests15,512
Horse MesaTonto National Forest9,146
Lime CreekTonto National Forest42,568
MazatzalTonto National Forest16,942
Mitchell PeakApache-Sitgreaves National Forests35,398
Painted BluffsApache-Sitgreaves National Forests43,118
PinalenoCoronado National Forest130,920
Pine Mountain Wilderness ContiguousPrescott National Forest3,129
Pine Mountain Wilderness ContiguousTonto National Forest6,518
Sheridan MountainPrescott National Forest37,600
Sierra Ancha Wilderness ContiguousTonto National Forest7,787
California (92)
AreaForestAcres
AgnewSequoia National Forest9,561
AntimonyLos Padres National Forest40,911
Arroyo SecoAngeles National Forest4,703
Bald RockPlumas National Forest4,675
Barker ValleyCleveland National Forest11,940
Bear MountainLos Padres National Forest913
Big RocksLos Padres National Forest11,866
Black MountainLos Padres National Forest16,818
Black Mtn.Sequoia National Forest15,102
Cactus Springs BSan Bernardino National Forest3,106
Cahuilla MountainSan Bernardino National Forest6,952
CajonSan Bernardino National Forest7,548
CalienteCleveland National Forest5,953
CamuesaLos Padres National Forest8,209
Chalk PeakLos Padres National Forest7,472
ChannellSequoia National Forest45,429
ChicoSequoia National Forest39,836
Circle MountainSan Bernardino National Forest6,375
City CreekSan Bernardino National Forest9,997
ColdwaterCleveland National Forest8,402
Crystal CreekSan Bernardino National Forest6,783
Cucamonga AAngeles National Forest1,249
Cucamonga BSan Bernardino National Forest11,933
Cucamonga CSan Bernardino National Forest4,106
Cutca ValleyCleveland National Forest14,530
Deep CreekSan Bernardino National Forest23,869
Dennison PeakSequoia National Forest6,293
Domeland Add.Sequoia National Forest3,046
Dry LakesLos Padres National Forest17,043
Eagle PeakCleveland National Forest6,481
Ferguson RidgeSierra National Forest6,104
Fish CanyonAngeles National Forest29,886
Fox MountainLos Padres National Forest52,072
Garcia MountainLos Padres National Forest7,850
Granite PeakSan Bernardino National Forest450
Greenhorn CreekSequoia National Forest28,226
Hixon FlatSan Bernardino National Forest8,095
Horse Creek RidgeSan Bernardino National Forest8,969
Horseshoe SpringsLos Padres National Forest14,089
IshiLassen National Forest21,805
JuncalLos Padres National Forest12,289
La BreaLos Padres National Forest14,031
La PanzaLos Padres National Forest4,954
LaddCleveland National Forest5,300
Little PineLos Padres National Forest1,315
Lpoor CanyonLos Padres National Forest13,762
Magic MountainAngeles National Forest15,542
Malduce BuckhornLos Padres National Forest14,177
ManzanaLos Padres National Forest2,101
MatilijaLos Padres National Forest5,218
Mill CreekSequoia National Forest27,643
Mirada PimeLos Padres National Forest13,302
MonarchSierra National Forest697
MosesSequoia National Forest22,077
No NameCleveland National Forest4,897
NordhoffLos Padres National Forest12,031
North MountainStanislaus National Forest7,856
Orleans Mtn. BSix Rivers National Forest17,183
Orleans Mtn. CSix Rivers National Forest15,589
Pine CreekCleveland National Forest503
Pleasant ViewAngeles National Forest26,395
PortugueseKlamath National Forest18,915
Pyramid Peak BSan Bernardino National Forest7,194
QuatalLos Padres National Forest7,253
Raywood Flat BSan Bernardino National Forest11,373
Red MountainAngeles National Forest8,034
RinconSequoia National Forest54,610
Rouse HillSan Bernardino National Forest13,745
Salt CreekAngeles National Forest11,022
San DimasAngeles National Forest7,160
San Gabriel AddAngeles National Forest2,527
San Mateo CanyonCleveland National Forest65
San SevaineSan Bernardino National Forest6,866
Santa CruzLos Padres National Forest21,182
Sawmill - BadlandsLos Padres National Forest51,362
Sespe - FrazierLos Padres National Forest106,910
Sespe - FrazierAngeles National Forest4,254
Sheep MountainAngeles National Forest21,098
Sill HillCleveland National Forest5,294
Slate Mtn.Sequoia National Forest12,299
Stanley MountainLos Padres National Forest14,674
Strawberry PeakAngeles National Forest7,245
Tepusquet PeakLos Padres National Forest5,821
TequepisLos Padres National Forest9,080
TrabucoCleveland National Forest23,341
Trumbull PeakStanislaus National Forest6,164
TuleAngeles National Forest9,861
UnderwoodSix Rivers National Forest6,591
WestforkAngeles National Forest4,407
White LedgeLos Padres National Forest18,632
WildhorseCleveland National Forest1,483
WoolstaffSequoia National Forest41,445
New Mexico (1)
AreaForestAcres
Hell HoleGila National Forest19,553
References (20)
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  8. Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.
  9. Kartesz, J.T. 1999. A synonymized checklist and atlas with biological attributes for the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. First edition. In: Kartesz, J.T., and C.A. Meacham. Synthesis of the North American Flora, Version 1.0. North Carolina Botanical Garden, Chapel Hill, N.C.
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  19. USDA, Natural Resources Conservation Service, PLANTS Database [USDA PLANTS]. http://plants.usda.gov/. Accessed 2015.
  20. Wolf, C.B. 1938. The North American Species of <i>Rhamnus</i>. Rancho Santa Ana Bot. Gard. Monogr., Bot. Ser. 1: 1-136.