Senega incarnata

(L.) J.F.B. Pastore & J.R. Abbott

Pink Milkwort

G5Secure Found in 4 roadless areas NatureServe Explorer →
G5SecureGlobal Rank
LowThreat Impact
Identity
Unique IDELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.129073
Element CodePDPGL020P0
Record TypeSPECIES
ClassificationSpecies
Classification StatusStandard
Name CategoryVascular Plant
Endemicoccurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations
KingdomPlantae
PhylumAnthophyta
ClassDicotyledoneae
OrderPolygalales
FamilyPolygalaceae
GenusSenega
Synonyms
Polygala incarnataL.
Other Common Names
Polygale incarnat (FR) procession flower (EN) Procession-Flower (EN)
Concept Reference
Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.
Taxonomic Comments
Polygala incarnata was transferred to Senega incarnata by Pastore et al. (2023). The genus Polygala is now treated as limited to the Old World (POWO 2024, Weakley and Southeastern Flora Team 2024).
Conservation Status
Rank Method Rank calculation - Biotics v2
Review Date2024-08-21
Change Date1990-06-22
Edition Date2024-08-21
Edition AuthorsOrmes, M. (1986), rev. C. Nordman (2024).
Threat ImpactLow
Range Extent>2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)
Number of Occurrences> 300
Rank Reasons
Pink Milkwort (Polygala incarnata) occurs in eastern North America and Central America. It occurs in southwestern Ontario (Canada), in the eastern United States from New Jersey to Wisconsin south to Florida and Texas, in Mexico in Chiapas, Veracruz, Tabasco, and Hildalgo, and in Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. There are estimated to be more than 800 occurrences, including on at least ten National Forests, and on various National Wildlife Refuges, State Parks, State Forests, and State Wildlife Management Areas. Threats include the fragmentation and loss of habitat due to residential development and urbanization, and competition from other plants, especially with lack of fire or suppression of frequent fire.
Range Extent Comments
Pink Milkwort (Polygala incarnata) occurs in eastern North America and Central America. It occurs in Canada only in southwestern Ontario, in the eastern United States from New Jersey (and historically Long Island, New York where it is consider to be extirpated) west to Wisconsin, Iowa, and eastern Kansas, south to Florida and Texas, in Mexico in Chiapas, Veracruz, Tabasco, and Hildalgo, and in Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. Range extent was estimated to be 4.65 million square kilometers, using herbarium specimens and photo-based observations documented between 1993 and 2024 (FNA 2021, GBIF 2024, iNaturalist 2024, POWO 2024, SEINet 2024, Villaseñor 2016, Weakley and Southeastern Flora Team 2024).
Occurrences Comments
By applying a 1 km separation distance to herbarium records and photo-based observations documented between 1993 and 2024, there are estimated to be more than 800 occurrences of Pink Milkwort rangewide (GBIF 2024, iNaturalist 2024, SEINet 2024).
Threat Impact Comments
Threats to Pink Milkwort include the fragmentation and loss of habitat due to residential development and urbanization, and competition from other plants, especially with lack of fire or suppression of frequent fire, which is an important periodic natural disturbance in the southeastern Coastal Plain of the United States.
Ecology & Habitat

Habitat

Pine savannas, meadows, bogs, open woodlands, glades, upland dry prairies, fields, at 0 - 400 meters elevation (FNA 2021, Weakley and Southeastern Flora Team 2024).

Reproduction

Flowers from late April into November (Weakley and Southeastern Flora Team 2024).
Terrestrial Habitats
Woodland - HardwoodWoodland - ConiferWoodland - MixedSavannaGrassland/herbaceous
Palustrine Habitats
HERBACEOUS WETLANDSCRUB-SHRUB WETLANDBog/fen
Other Nations (2)
United StatesN5
ProvinceRankNative
PennsylvaniaS1Yes
MississippiSNRYes
VirginiaS4Yes
MarylandS2Yes
MichiganSXYes
GeorgiaSNRYes
New YorkSXYes
FloridaS3Yes
LouisianaSNRYes
OklahomaSNRYes
District of ColumbiaSNRYes
New JerseySHYes
TexasSNRYes
AlabamaSNRYes
DelawareS1Yes
ArkansasS1Yes
NebraskaSNRYes
MissouriSNRYes
IllinoisS1Yes
OhioS2Yes
IndianaS1Yes
North CarolinaS4Yes
South CarolinaS3Yes
KentuckyS4Yes
IowaS2Yes
WisconsinS1Yes
TennesseeSNRYes
KansasS4Yes
CanadaN1
ProvinceRankNative
OntarioS1Yes
Threat Assessments
ThreatScopeSeverityTiming
1 - Residential & commercial developmentSmall (1-10%)Serious or 31-70% pop. declineHigh (continuing)
1.1 - Housing & urban areasSmall (1-10%)Serious or 31-70% pop. declineHigh (continuing)
7 - Natural system modificationsRestricted (11-30%)Moderate or 11-30% pop. declineHigh (continuing)
7.1 - Fire & fire suppressionRestricted (11-30%)Moderate or 11-30% pop. declineHigh (continuing)
7.1.2 - Suppression in fire frequency/intensityRestricted (11-30%)Moderate or 11-30% pop. declineHigh (continuing)

Plant Characteristics
DurationANNUAL
Economic Value (Genus)No
Roadless Areas (4)
Florida (3)
AreaForestAcres
Alexander Springs CreekOcala National Forest2,954
Clear LakeApalachicola National Forest5,592
SavannahApalachicola National Forest1,927
North Carolina (1)
AreaForestAcres
Sheep Ridge AdditionCroatan National Forest5,808
References (9)
  1. Flora of North America Editorial Committee (FNA). 2021. Flora of North America north of Mexico. Vol. 10. Magnoliophyta: Proteaceae to Elaeagnaceae. Oxford Univ. Press, New York. xxiv + 456 pp.
  2. Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). 2024. Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) data portal. Online. Available: https://www.gbif.org/ (accessed 2024).
  3. iNaturalist. 2024. Online. Available: https://www.inaturalist.org (accessed 2024).
  4. Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.
  5. Pastore, J.F.B., Martinez, A., Abbott, J.R., and K. Neubig. 2023. Toward new generic delimitations in Polygalaceae II: Senega 1. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 108(1): 126-249.
  6. Plants of the World Online (POWO). 2024. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Online. Available: https://powo.science.kew.org/ (accessed 2024).
  7. Southwest Environmental Information Network (SEINet). 2024. Collections Databases. Online. Available: https://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/collections/index.php (accessed 2024).
  8. Villaseñor, J.L. 2016. Checklist of the native vascular plants of Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 87: 559-902.
  9. Weakley, A.S., and Southeastern Flora Team. 2024. Flora of the southeastern United States. Edition of March 4, 2024. University of North Carolina Herbarium (NCU), North Carolina Botanical Garden, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. 2203 pp.