Roadless Areas
Home/Species/ Oak Titmouse

Baeolophus inornatus

(Gambel, 1845)

Oak Titmouse

G4Apparently Secure Found in 449 roadless areas NatureServe Explorer →
G4Apparently SecureGlobal Rank
Least concernIUCN
Oak Titmouse (Baeolophus inornatus). © Michael Long; Cornell Lab of Ornithology | Macaulay Library.
© Michael Long; Cornell Lab of Ornithology | Macaulay Library
Oak Titmouse (Baeolophus inornatus). © Kathleen Waldron; Cornell Lab of Ornithology | Macaulay Library.
© Kathleen Waldron; Cornell Lab of Ornithology | Macaulay Library
Oak Titmouse (Baeolophus inornatus). © Gavin Aquila; Cornell Lab of Ornithology | Macaulay Library.
© Gavin Aquila; Cornell Lab of Ornithology | Macaulay Library
Oak Titmouse (Baeolophus inornatus). © Sean Crockett; Cornell Lab of Ornithology | Macaulay Library.
© Sean Crockett; Cornell Lab of Ornithology | Macaulay Library
Oak Titmouse (Baeolophus inornatus). © Aidan Brubaker; Cornell Lab of Ornithology | Macaulay Library.
© Aidan Brubaker; Cornell Lab of Ornithology | Macaulay Library
Oak Titmouse (Baeolophus inornatus). © Paul Fenwick; Cornell Lab of Ornithology | Macaulay Library.
© Paul Fenwick; Cornell Lab of Ornithology | Macaulay Library
Oak Titmouse (Baeolophus inornatus). Photo by U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Public Domain (U.S. Government Work), via ECOS.
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, https://www.usa.gov/government-works
Identity
Unique IDELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.103557
Element CodeABPAW01100
Record TypeSPECIES
ClassificationSpecies
Classification StatusStandard
Name CategoryVertebrate Animal
IUCNLeast concern
Endemicoccurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations
KingdomAnimalia
PhylumCraniata
ClassAves
OrderPasseriformes
FamilyParidae
GenusBaeolophus
Other Common Names
Carbonero Sencillo (ES) Mésange unicolore (FR) oak titmouse (EN)
Concept Reference
American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1998. Check-list of North American birds. Seventh edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. [as modified by subsequent supplements and corrections published in The Auk]. Also available online: http://www.aou.org/.
Taxonomic Comments
Formerly in genus parus; transferred to baeolophus by AOU (1997). Populations on either side of the Sierra Nevada exhibit a high level of genetic and morphologic divergence, characteristic of that for separate congeneric species; further study of morphology, vocalizations, and allozymes probably will provide a basis for separating these allopatric coastal and interior populations as distinct species (Gill and Slikas 1992, DeBenedictis 1997). Populations west of the Sierra Nevada would be B. inornatus (Oak Titmouse) and populations east of the Sierra Nevada would be B. ridgwayi (Juniper Titmouse) (Cicero 1996, DeBenedictis 1997). These two species officially split by (AOU 1997). See Sheldon et al. (1992) for DNA-DNA hybridization evidence of phylogenetic relationships among major lineages of parus. Constitutes a superspecies with B. griseus (AOU 1998).
Conservation Status
Review Date2014-09-19
Change Date2014-09-19
Range Extent20,000-2,500,000 square km (about 8000-1,000,000 square miles)
Range Extent Comments
RESIDENT: southwestern Oregon south through California (west of Sierra Nevada) to Baja California.
Ecology & Habitat

Habitat

Oak and pine-oak woodland, arborescent chaparral, oak-riparian associations (AOU 1998). Nest constructed in natural tree cavity, in old woodpecker hole, or bird box; 1-11 m above ground.

Ecology

Often seen in mixed species foraging flocks. During nesting may defend territory of 3-12 acres (Terres 1980).

Reproduction

Pair may remain together for 2 years or more. Female incubates 6-8 eggs for 14-16 days. Young tended by both parents, leave nest in about 3 weeks, but remain with parents for 3-4 more weeks (Harrison 1978).
Terrestrial Habitats
Forest - HardwoodForest - MixedWoodland - HardwoodWoodland - MixedShrubland/chaparralSuburban/orchard
Palustrine Habitats
Riparian
Other Nations (1)
United StatesN5
ProvinceRankNative
CaliforniaSNRYes
OregonS3Yes
Roadless Areas (449)
California (441)
AreaForestAcres
AgnewSequoia National Forest9,561
AgnewSequoia National Forest9,561
AgnewSequoia National Forest9,561
AntimonyLos Padres National Forest40,911
AntimonyLos Padres National Forest40,911
AntimonyLos Padres National Forest40,911
Arroyo SecoAngeles National Forest4,703
Arroyo SecoAngeles National Forest4,703
Arroyo SecoAngeles National Forest4,703
BackboneShasta-Trinity National Forest11,466
BackboneShasta-Trinity National Forest11,466
Bald RockPlumas National Forest4,675
Bald RockPlumas National Forest4,675
Barker ValleyCleveland National Forest11,940
Barker ValleyCleveland National Forest11,940
Barker ValleyCleveland National Forest11,940
Bear MountainLos Padres National Forest913
Bear MountainLos Padres National Forest913
Bear MountainLos Padres National Forest913
Big RocksLos Padres National Forest11,866
Big RocksLos Padres National Forest11,866
Black ButteMendocino National Forest15,461
Black ButteLos Padres National Forest5,116
Black ButteLos Padres National Forest5,116
Black ButteLos Padres National Forest5,116
Black ButteMendocino National Forest15,461
Black MountainLos Padres National Forest16,818
Black MountainLos Padres National Forest16,818
Black MountainLos Padres National Forest16,818
Black Mtn.Sequoia National Forest15,102
Black Mtn.Sequoia National Forest15,102
Black Mtn.Sequoia National Forest15,102
BoulderKlamath National Forest435
BoulderKlamath National Forest435
BriscoeMendocino National Forest7,212
BriscoeMendocino National Forest7,212
Butt Mtn.Lassen National Forest8,217
Butt Mtn.Lassen National Forest8,217
Cactus Springs ASan Bernardino National Forest53
Cactus Springs ASan Bernardino National Forest53
Cactus Springs BSan Bernardino National Forest3,106
Cactus Springs BSan Bernardino National Forest3,106
Cactus Springs BSan Bernardino National Forest3,106
Cahuilla MountainSan Bernardino National Forest6,952
Cahuilla MountainSan Bernardino National Forest6,952
CajonSan Bernardino National Forest7,548
CajonSan Bernardino National Forest7,548
CajonSan Bernardino National Forest7,548
CalienteCleveland National Forest5,953
CalienteCleveland National Forest5,953
Callahan FlowModoc National Forest6,618
CamuesaLos Padres National Forest8,209
CamuesaLos Padres National Forest8,209
CamuesaLos Padres National Forest8,209
Caples CreekEldorado National Forest17,854
Caples CreekEldorado National Forest17,854
Carson - IcebergStanislaus National Forest56,430
Carson - IcebergStanislaus National Forest56,430
Castle Crags AShasta-Trinity National Forest113
Castle Crags AShasta-Trinity National Forest113
Castle Crags BShasta-Trinity National Forest1,619
Castle Crags BShasta-Trinity National Forest1,619
Castle PeakTahoe National Forest14,974
Castle PeakTahoe National Forest14,974
Chalk PeakLos Padres National Forest7,472
Chalk PeakLos Padres National Forest7,472
Chalk PeakLos Padres National Forest7,472
ChanchelullaShasta-Trinity National Forest3,915
ChanchelullaShasta-Trinity National Forest3,915
ChannellSequoia National Forest45,429
ChannellSequoia National Forest45,429
ChannellSequoia National Forest45,429
Cherry LakeStanislaus National Forest1,106
Cherry LakeStanislaus National Forest1,106
ChicoSequoia National Forest39,836
ChicoSequoia National Forest39,836
ChicoSequoia National Forest39,836
Chips CreekLassen National Forest29,089
Chips CreekLassen National Forest29,089
Circle MountainSan Bernardino National Forest6,375
Circle MountainSan Bernardino National Forest6,375
City CreekSan Bernardino National Forest9,997
City CreekSan Bernardino National Forest9,997
City CreekSan Bernardino National Forest9,997
ColdwaterCleveland National Forest8,402
ColdwaterCleveland National Forest8,402
Cow CreekShasta-Trinity National Forest22,627
Cow CreekShasta-Trinity National Forest22,627
Crystal CreekSan Bernardino National Forest6,783
Crystal CreekSan Bernardino National Forest6,783
Crystal CreekSan Bernardino National Forest6,783
Cub CreekLassen National Forest8,643
Cub CreekLassen National Forest8,643
Cucamonga AAngeles National Forest1,249
Cucamonga AAngeles National Forest1,249
Cucamonga AAngeles National Forest1,249
Cucamonga BSan Bernardino National Forest11,933
Cucamonga BSan Bernardino National Forest11,933
Cucamonga BSan Bernardino National Forest11,933
Cucamonga CSan Bernardino National Forest4,106
Cucamonga CSan Bernardino National Forest4,106
Cucamonga CSan Bernardino National Forest4,106
Cutca ValleyCleveland National Forest14,530
Cutca ValleyCleveland National Forest14,530
Cutca ValleyCleveland National Forest14,530
CuyamaLos Padres National Forest19,631
CuyamaLos Padres National Forest19,631
DardanellesEldorado National Forest8,110
DardanellesEldorado National Forest8,110
De La GuerraLos Padres National Forest5,418
De La GuerraLos Padres National Forest5,418
Deep CreekSan Bernardino National Forest23,869
Deep CreekSan Bernardino National Forest23,869
Deep CreekSan Bernardino National Forest23,869
Deer MountainMendocino National Forest11,716
Deer MountainMendocino National Forest11,716
Dennison PeakSequoia National Forest6,293
Dennison PeakSequoia National Forest6,293
Devil GulchSierra National Forest30,490
Devil GulchSierra National Forest30,490
Devil GulchSierra National Forest30,490
Devils RockShasta-Trinity National Forest16,209
Devils RockShasta-Trinity National Forest16,209
DiableLos Padres National Forest19,597
DiableLos Padres National Forest19,597
DiableLos Padres National Forest19,597
Dinkey LakesSierra National Forest34,171
Dinkey LakesSierra National Forest34,171
Dog CreekShasta-Trinity National Forest5,001
Dog CreekShasta-Trinity National Forest5,001
DomeStanislaus National Forest11,085
DomeStanislaus National Forest11,085
Domeland Add.Sequoia National Forest3,046
Domeland Add.Sequoia National Forest3,046
Domeland Add.Sequoia National Forest3,046
Dry LakesLos Padres National Forest17,043
Dry LakesLos Padres National Forest17,043
Dry LakesLos Padres National Forest17,043
EagleShasta-Trinity National Forest6,553
EagleShasta-Trinity National Forest6,553
EagleStanislaus National Forest16,116
EagleStanislaus National Forest16,116
Eagle PeakCleveland National Forest6,481
Eagle PeakCleveland National Forest6,481
Eagle PeakCleveland National Forest6,481
East BeegumShasta-Trinity National Forest8,425
East BeegumShasta-Trinity National Forest8,425
East ForkShasta-Trinity National Forest6,201
East ForkShasta-Trinity National Forest6,201
Elk CreekMendocino National Forest23,182
Elk CreekMendocino National Forest23,182
Fawn LakeEldorado National Forest1,153
Fawn LakeEldorado National Forest1,153
Ferguson RidgeSierra National Forest6,104
Ferguson RidgeSierra National Forest6,104
Ferguson RidgeSierra National Forest6,104
Fish CanyonAngeles National Forest29,886
Fish CanyonAngeles National Forest29,886
Fish CanyonAngeles National Forest29,886
Fisher Gulch BShasta-Trinity National Forest4,791
Fisher Gulch BShasta-Trinity National Forest4,791
Fox MountainLos Padres National Forest52,072
Fox MountainLos Padres National Forest52,072
Fox MountainLos Padres National Forest52,072
Garcia MountainLos Padres National Forest7,850
Garcia MountainLos Padres National Forest7,850
Garcia MountainLos Padres National Forest7,850
Granite ChiefTahoe National Forest6,546
Granite ChiefTahoe National Forest6,546
Granite PeakSan Bernardino National Forest450
Granite PeakSan Bernardino National Forest450
Granite PeakShasta-Trinity National Forest122
Granite PeakSan Bernardino National Forest450
Granite PeakShasta-Trinity National Forest122
Greenhorn CreekSequoia National Forest28,226
Greenhorn CreekSequoia National Forest28,226
Greenhorn CreekSequoia National Forest28,226
GrindstoneMendocino National Forest26,031
GrindstoneMendocino National Forest26,031
Grouse LakesTahoe National Forest19,085
Grouse LakesTahoe National Forest19,085
Hall Natural AreaInyo National Forest5,236
Hall Natural AreaInyo National Forest5,236
Heart LakeLassen National Forest9,349
Heart LakeLassen National Forest9,349
Heartbreak RidgeSan Bernardino National Forest4,455
Heartbreak RidgeSan Bernardino National Forest4,455
Hixon FlatSan Bernardino National Forest8,095
Hixon FlatSan Bernardino National Forest8,095
Horse Creek RidgeSan Bernardino National Forest8,969
Horse Creek RidgeSan Bernardino National Forest8,969
Horse Creek RidgeSan Bernardino National Forest8,969
Horseshoe SpringsLos Padres National Forest14,089
Horseshoe SpringsLos Padres National Forest14,089
IshiLassen National Forest21,805
IshiLassen National Forest21,805
Jennie LakeSequoia National Forest2,388
Jennie LakeSequoia National Forest2,388
JuncalLos Padres National Forest12,289
JuncalLos Padres National Forest12,289
KelseyKlamath National Forest3,237
KelseyKlamath National Forest3,237
Kings RiverSierra National Forest52,999
Kings RiverSierra National Forest52,999
Kings RiverSierra National Forest52,999
La BreaLos Padres National Forest14,031
La BreaLos Padres National Forest14,031
La PanzaLos Padres National Forest4,954
La PanzaLos Padres National Forest4,954
LaddCleveland National Forest5,300
LaddCleveland National Forest5,300
LaddCleveland National Forest5,300
Lake EleanorShasta-Trinity National Forest397
Lake EleanorShasta-Trinity National Forest397
LavaLassen National Forest5,978
LavasModoc National Forest25,864
Lion RidgeSequoia National Forest5,265
Lion RidgeSequoia National Forest5,265
Little French CShasta-Trinity National Forest11,529
Little French CShasta-Trinity National Forest11,529
Little PineLos Padres National Forest1,315
Little PineLos Padres National Forest1,315
Los Machos HillsLos Padres National Forest11,112
Los Machos HillsLos Padres National Forest11,112
Lpoor CanyonLos Padres National Forest13,762
Lpoor CanyonLos Padres National Forest13,762
Lpoor CanyonLos Padres National Forest13,762
Machesna MountainLos Padres National Forest12,271
Machesna MountainLos Padres National Forest12,271
Magic MountainAngeles National Forest15,542
Magic MountainAngeles National Forest15,542
Magic MountainAngeles National Forest15,542
Malduce BuckhornLos Padres National Forest14,177
Malduce BuckhornLos Padres National Forest14,177
Malduce BuckhornLos Padres National Forest14,177
ManzanaLos Padres National Forest2,101
ManzanaLos Padres National Forest2,101
MatilijaLos Padres National Forest5,218
MatilijaLos Padres National Forest5,218
MatilijaLos Padres National Forest5,218
MayfieldLassen National Forest14,444
Middle ForkPlumas National Forest29,278
Middle ForkPlumas National Forest29,278
Mill CreekSequoia National Forest27,643
Mill CreekLassen National Forest7,587
Mill CreekLassen National Forest7,587
Mill CreekSequoia National Forest27,643
Mill CreekSequoia National Forest27,643
Mill PeakSan Bernardino National Forest7,884
Mill PeakSan Bernardino National Forest7,884
Mill PeakSan Bernardino National Forest7,884
Mirada PimeLos Padres National Forest13,302
Mirada PimeLos Padres National Forest13,302
Mirada PimeLos Padres National Forest13,302
MonarchSierra National Forest697
MonarchSierra National Forest697
MonoLos Padres National Forest28,141
MonoLos Padres National Forest28,141
MonoLos Padres National Forest28,141
MosesSequoia National Forest22,077
MosesSequoia National Forest22,077
MosesSequoia National Forest22,077
Mt. HoffmanModoc National Forest9,780
Mt. Shasta AShasta-Trinity National Forest676
Mt. Shasta AShasta-Trinity National Forest676
Mt. Shasta BShasta-Trinity National Forest2,809
Mt. Shasta BShasta-Trinity National Forest2,809
MuseKlamath National Forest238
MuseKlamath National Forest238
No NameCleveland National Forest4,897
No NameCleveland National Forest4,897
No NameCleveland National Forest4,897
NordhoffLos Padres National Forest12,031
NordhoffLos Padres National Forest12,031
NordhoffLos Padres National Forest12,031
North Fork Middle Fork American RiverTahoe National Forest11,245
North Fork Middle Fork American RiverTahoe National Forest11,245
North MountainStanislaus National Forest7,856
North MountainStanislaus National Forest7,856
Oat Mtn.Sequoia National Forest12,223
Oat Mtn.Sequoia National Forest12,223
Onion SpringsLassen National Forest2,421
Onion SpringsLassen National Forest2,421
Orleans Mtn.Klamath National Forest49,090
Orleans Mtn.Klamath National Forest49,090
Orleans Mtn. BSix Rivers National Forest17,183
Orleans Mtn. BSix Rivers National Forest17,183
PantherShasta-Trinity National Forest12,016
PantherShasta-Trinity National Forest12,016
PattisonShasta-Trinity National Forest29,299
PattisonShasta-Trinity National Forest29,299
Penney RidgeShasta-Trinity National Forest5,226
Penney RidgeShasta-Trinity National Forest5,226
Pine CreekCleveland National Forest503
Pine CreekCleveland National Forest503
Pine CreekCleveland National Forest503
Pleasant ViewAngeles National Forest26,395
Pleasant ViewAngeles National Forest26,395
Pleasant ViewAngeles National Forest26,395
Poison HoleEldorado National Forest2,627
Poison HoleEldorado National Forest2,627
Polk SpringsLassen National Forest9,466
Polk SpringsLassen National Forest9,466
PyramidEldorado National Forest24,347
PyramidEldorado National Forest24,347
Pyramid Peak BSan Bernardino National Forest7,194
Pyramid Peak BSan Bernardino National Forest7,194
Pyramid Peak BSan Bernardino National Forest7,194
QuatalLos Padres National Forest7,253
QuatalLos Padres National Forest7,253
QuatalLos Padres National Forest7,253
Raywood Flat ASan Bernardino National Forest41
Raywood Flat ASan Bernardino National Forest41
Raywood Flat BSan Bernardino National Forest11,373
Raywood Flat BSan Bernardino National Forest11,373
Raywood Flat BSan Bernardino National Forest11,373
Red MountainAngeles National Forest8,034
Red MountainAngeles National Forest8,034
Red MountainAngeles National Forest8,034
Reister CanyonMendocino National Forest5,897
Reister CanyonMendocino National Forest5,897
RinconSequoia National Forest54,610
RinconSequoia National Forest54,610
Rouse HillSan Bernardino National Forest13,745
Rouse HillSan Bernardino National Forest13,745
Rouse HillSan Bernardino National Forest13,745
RussianKlamath National Forest21,771
RussianKlamath National Forest21,771
Salt CreekSix Rivers National Forest9,505
Salt CreekAngeles National Forest11,022
Salt CreekAngeles National Forest11,022
Salt CreekSix Rivers National Forest9,505
Salt GulchShasta-Trinity National Forest6,511
Salt GulchShasta-Trinity National Forest6,511
San DimasAngeles National Forest7,160
San DimasAngeles National Forest7,160
San DimasAngeles National Forest7,160
San Gabriel AddAngeles National Forest2,527
San Gabriel AddAngeles National Forest2,527
San Gabriel AddAngeles National Forest2,527
San Mateo CanyonCleveland National Forest65
San Mateo CanyonCleveland National Forest65
San SevaineSan Bernardino National Forest6,866
San SevaineSan Bernardino National Forest6,866
San SevaineSan Bernardino National Forest6,866
Santa CruzLos Padres National Forest21,182
Santa CruzLos Padres National Forest21,182
Santa CruzLos Padres National Forest21,182
Sawmill - BadlandsLos Padres National Forest51,362
Sawmill - BadlandsLos Padres National Forest51,362
Sawmill - BadlandsLos Padres National Forest51,362
Sespe - FrazierAngeles National Forest4,254
Sespe - FrazierLos Padres National Forest106,910
Sespe - FrazierAngeles National Forest4,254
Sespe - FrazierAngeles National Forest4,254
ShacklefordKlamath National Forest1,679
ShacklefordKlamath National Forest1,679
Sheep MountainAngeles National Forest21,098
Sheep MountainAngeles National Forest21,098
Sheep MountainAngeles National Forest21,098
ShuteyeSierra National Forest7,313
ShuteyeSierra National Forest7,313
Sill HillCleveland National Forest5,294
Sill HillCleveland National Forest5,294
Sill HillCleveland National Forest5,294
SiskiyouKlamath National Forest54,039
SiskiyouKlamath National Forest54,039
Skeleton GladeMendocino National Forest9,237
Skeleton GladeMendocino National Forest9,237
Slate CreekShasta-Trinity National Forest6,636
Slate CreekShasta-Trinity National Forest6,636
Slate Mtn.Sequoia National Forest12,299
Slate Mtn.Sequoia National Forest12,299
Slate Mtn.Sequoia National Forest12,299
SnoozerKlamath National Forest23,414
SnoozerKlamath National Forest23,414
Snow MountainMendocino National Forest14,457
Snow MountainMendocino National Forest14,457
SoliderSix Rivers National Forest14,918
SoliderSix Rivers National Forest14,918
South SierraSequoia National Forest8,008
South SierraInyo National Forest41,853
South SierraInyo National Forest41,853
South SierraSequoia National Forest8,008
Stanley MountainLos Padres National Forest14,674
Stanley MountainLos Padres National Forest14,674
Strawberry PeakAngeles National Forest7,245
Strawberry PeakAngeles National Forest7,245
Strawberry PeakAngeles National Forest7,245
SugarloafSan Bernardino National Forest8,206
SugarloafSan Bernardino National Forest8,206
Sycamore SpringsSierra National Forest10,015
Sycamore SpringsSierra National Forest10,015
Tepusquet PeakLos Padres National Forest5,821
Tepusquet PeakLos Padres National Forest5,821
TequepisLos Padres National Forest9,080
TequepisLos Padres National Forest9,080
TequepisLos Padres National Forest9,080
ThatcherMendocino National Forest16,652
ThatcherMendocino National Forest16,652
Thomes CreekMendocino National Forest16,616
Thomes CreekMendocino National Forest16,616
Timbered CraterLassen National Forest4,096
TinemahaInyo National Forest27,060
TinemahaInyo National Forest27,060
Tioga LakeInyo National Forest829
Tioga LakeInyo National Forest829
Tom MartinKlamath National Forest9,031
Tom MartinKlamath National Forest9,031
TrabucoCleveland National Forest23,341
TrabucoCleveland National Forest23,341
TrabucoCleveland National Forest23,341
Trumbull PeakStanislaus National Forest6,164
Trumbull PeakStanislaus National Forest6,164
TuleAngeles National Forest9,861
TuleAngeles National Forest9,861
UnderwoodSix Rivers National Forest6,591
UnderwoodSix Rivers National Forest6,591
WaterhouseStanislaus National Forest4,394
WaterhouseStanislaus National Forest4,394
Weaver BallyShasta-Trinity National Forest829
Weaver BallyShasta-Trinity National Forest829
Wells MountainShasta-Trinity National Forest5,919
Wells MountainShasta-Trinity National Forest5,919
West BeegumShasta-Trinity National Forest5,198
West BeegumShasta-Trinity National Forest5,198
West ForkAngeles National Forest1,169
West ForkAngeles National Forest1,169
WestforkAngeles National Forest4,407
WestforkAngeles National Forest4,407
WestforkAngeles National Forest4,407
White LedgeLos Padres National Forest18,632
White LedgeLos Padres National Forest18,632
WildhorseCleveland National Forest1,483
WildhorseCleveland National Forest1,483
WildhorseCleveland National Forest1,483
Wonoga Pk.Inyo National Forest11,272
Wonoga Pk.Inyo National Forest11,272
WoodpeckerSequoia National Forest11,936
WoodpeckerSequoia National Forest11,936
WoolstaffSequoia National Forest41,445
Oregon (6)
AreaForestAcres
N. BoundaryWinema National Forest769
N. BoundaryWinema National Forest769
OdessaWinema National Forest146
OdessaWinema National Forest146
South KalmiopsisSiskiyou National Forests104,477
South KalmiopsisSiskiyou National Forests104,477
South Dakota (1)
AreaForestAcres
Indian CreekBuffalo Gap National Grassland24,666
Texas (1)
AreaForestAcres
Big CreekNational Forests in Texas1,447
References (22)
  1. American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1998. Check-list of North American birds. Seventh edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. [as modified by subsequent supplements and corrections published in <i>The Auk</i>]. Also available online: http://www.aou.org/.
  2. Balda, R. P., and G. C. Bateman. 1971. Flocking and annual cycle of the piñon jay, <i>Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus</i>. Condor 73:287-302.
  3. BirdLife International. 2004b. Threatened birds of the world 2004. CD ROM. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK.
  4. Bureau of Land Management. Life History Summaries.
  5. Carter, M., C. Hunter, D. Pashley, and D. Petit. 1998. The Watch List. Bird Conservation, Summer 1998:10.
  6. DeBenedictis, P. A. 1997. Complex titmice. Birding 29(3):238-241.
  7. Gill, F. B., and B. Slikas. 1992. Patterns of mitochondrial DNA divergence in North American crested titmice. Condor 94:20-28.
  8. Harrison, C. 1978. A Field Guide to the Nests, Eggs and Nestlings of North American Birds. Collins, Cleveland, Ohio.
  9. Horn, H. S. 1968. The adaptive significance of colonial nesting in the Brewer's Blackbird. Ecology 49:682-694.
  10. Ligon, J. D. 1971. Late summer-autumnal breeding of the piñon jay in New Mexico. Condor 73:147-153.
  11. Mitchell, W. A. 1988. Songbird nest boxes. Section 5.1.8, US Army Corps of Engineers Wildlife Resources Management Manual. Tech. Rep. EL-88-19. Waterways Expt. Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi. 48 pp.
  12. Moore, W. S., and R. A. Dolbeer. 1989. The use of banding recovery data to estimate dispersal rates and gene flow in avian species: case studies in the Red-winged Blackbird and Common Grackle. Condor 91:242-253.
  13. Oberholser, H.C. 1974. The bird life of Texas. 2 vols. Univ. of Texas Press, Austin.
  14. Parker III, T. A., D. F. Stotz, and J. W. Fitzpatrick. 1996. Ecological and distributional databases for neotropical birds. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
  15. Poole, A. F. and F. B. Gill. 1992. The birds of North America. The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. and The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA.
  16. Ryser, F.A. 1985. Birds of the Great Basin a natural history. University of Nevada Press, Reno, NV.
  17. Sheldon, F. H., et al. 1992. DNA-DNA hybridization evidence of phylogenetic relationships among major lineages of PARUS. Auk 109:173-185.
  18. Tarvin, K. A., and G. E. Woolfenden. 1999. Blue Jay (<i>Cyanocitta cristata</i>). No. 469 IN A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The birds of North America. The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA. 32pp.
  19. Terres, J. K. 1980. The Audubon Society encyclopedia of North American birds. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.
  20. Thompson, F. R., III. 1994. Temporal and spatial patterns of breeding brown-headed cowbirds in the midwestern United States. Auk 111:979-990.
  21. Williams, L. 1952b. Breeding behavior of the Brewer blackbird. Condor 54:3-47.
  22. Willson, M. F. 1966. Breeding ecology of the Yellow-headed Blackbird. Ecological Monographs 36:51-77.