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Cumberlandia monodonta

(Say, 1829)

Spectaclecase

G2Imperiled Found in 4 roadless areas NatureServe Explorer →
G2ImperiledGlobal Rank
EndangeredIUCN
Very highThreat Impact
Identity
Unique IDELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.106982
Element CodeIMBIV08010
Record TypeSPECIES
ClassificationSpecies
Classification StatusStandard
Name CategoryInvertebrate Animal
IUCNEndangered
Endemicendemic to a single nation
KingdomAnimalia
PhylumMollusca
ClassBivalvia
OrderUnionoida
FamilyMargaritiferidae
GenusCumberlandia
Synonyms
Margaritifera monodonta(Say, 1829)
Other Common Names
Spectacle Case (EN) Spectaclecase (mussel) (EN) Spectacle Case Pearly Mussel (EN)
Concept Reference
Turgeon, D. D., J. F. Quinn, Jr., A. E. Bogan, E. V. Coan, F. G. Hochberg, W. G. Lyons, P. M. Mikkelsen, R. J. Neves, C. F. E. Roper, G. Rosenberg, B. Roth, A. Scheltema, F. G. Thompson, M. Vecchione, and J. D. Williams. 1998. Common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the United States and Canada: Mollusks. 2nd Edition. American Fisheries Society Special Publication 26, Bethesda, Maryland. 526 pp.
Taxonomic Comments
Margaritifera monodonta is returned to the genus Cumberlandia by Lopes-Lima et al. (2018) (Graf and Cummings 2021). Previously, it was treated as a junior synonym of Margaritifera (Bolotov et al. 2016 and Araujo et al. 2017 in Williams et al. 2017).
Conservation Status
Rank Method Rank calculation - Biotics v2
Review Date2023-12-04
Change Date2023-12-04
Edition Date2023-12-01
Edition AuthorsGordon, M.E. (1992); Whittaker, J.C. (1994) Cordeiro, J. (2011); rev. T. Cornelisse (2023)
Threat ImpactVery high
Range Extent200,000-2,500,000 square km (about 80,000-1,000,000 square miles)
Number of Occurrences21 - 80
Rank Reasons
This species has a moderate range but due to long-term populations declines and many ongoing threats, it has a limited number of viable occurrences.
Range Extent Comments
This species occurs in the eastern United States, from Minnesota southeast to Virginia, south to Alabama and west to Missouri (GBIF 2023).
Occurrences Comments
This species is known from 40 populations, out of which 22 are currently considered extant (USFWS 2022).
Threat Impact Comments
This species is threatened by habitat loss and degradation caused by mining and the heavy metal and chemical pollutants that result from those activities, sedimentation due to runoff from energy production, development, and agriculture, channelization for transportation and other development purposes, direct shell fouling caused by invasive zebra mussels, and dams or other barriers that alter its habitat, host fish distribution, and prevent habitat connectivity and recolonization (USFWS 2014; 2022). This species is also threatened by habitat alterations due to climate change that reduces population connectivity and genetic diversity (Inoue 2017; USFWS 2019).
Ecology & Habitat

Description

Shell elongated, arcuate, compressed, relatively thin; anterior and posterior ends rounded; ventral margin concave, particularly in older shells; beaks barely elevated, sculpted with heavy ridges parallel to growth lines; posterior ridge rounded; periostracum roughened by growth lines, greenish or brownish in younger shells to black; young shells may display complete hinge dentition of distinct pseudocardinals with two laterals in the left valve and one lateral in the right valve, laterals often not apparent in older shells and pseudocardinals may be somewhat obscurred; anterior and posterior adductor and retractor muscle scars confluent, well-marked; protractor scar crescent-shaped; pallial line impressed; nacre whitish, irridescent posteriorly, tends to be roughened, often blotched (see Oesch, 1995; Parmalee and Bogan 1998; Baird, 2000; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2003).

Diagnostic Characteristics

Only two shells are similar to this species in its historical range, Elliptio dilatata (Rafinesque, 1820) and Ligumia recta (Lamarck, 1819). Both of the species always have well-developed hinge dentition, often have purple nacres (sometimes white, pinkish or orangish), have periostraca which may be rayed (distinctly or obscurly), and are pointed posteriorly (female L. recta are truncated posteriorly, but still have a point at the dorsal-posterior junction). Ligumia recta is never arcuate. Dry Cumberlandia shells tend to be brittle, crack, and posterior ends break-off. Butler (2003) and Oesch (1995) list key characters as large size, elongate shape, arcuate ventral margin, dark coloration, roughened surface, poorly developed teeth, and white nacre.

Habitat

This species is found in rivers and large stream systems with clear, moderately flowing water and a variety of substrates, including mud, gravel, sand, and cobble with shallow riffles (USFWS 2022).
Other Nations (1)
United StatesN2
ProvinceRankNative
VirginiaS1Yes
ArkansasS2Yes
WisconsinS1Yes
OhioSXYes
IndianaSXYes
MissouriS3Yes
IowaS1Yes
AlabamaS1Yes
KansasSXYes
KentuckyS1Yes
West VirginiaS1Yes
IllinoisS1Yes
TennesseeS2Yes
MinnesotaS1Yes
Threat Assessments
ThreatScopeSeverityTiming
3 - Energy production & miningRestricted (11-30%)Serious or 31-70% pop. declineHigh (continuing)
3.2 - Mining & quarryingRestricted (11-30%)Serious or 31-70% pop. declineHigh (continuing)
7 - Natural system modificationsLarge (31-70%)Serious - moderateHigh (continuing)
7.2 - Dams & water management/useLarge (31-70%)Serious - moderateHigh (continuing)
8 - Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseasesLarge - restrictedModerate - slightHigh (continuing)
8.1 - Invasive non-native/alien species/diseasesLarge - restrictedModerate - slightHigh (continuing)
8.1.2 - Named speciesLarge - restrictedModerate - slightHigh (continuing)
9 - PollutionLarge (31-70%)Serious or 31-70% pop. declineHigh (continuing)
9.2 - Industrial & military effluentsRestricted (11-30%)Serious - moderateHigh (continuing)
9.3 - Agricultural & forestry effluentsLarge - restrictedModerate or 11-30% pop. declineHigh (continuing)
9.3.2 - Soil erosion, sedimentationLarge - restrictedModerate or 11-30% pop. declineHigh (continuing)
11 - Climate change & severe weatherLarge (31-70%)Serious - moderateHigh (continuing)
11.1 - Habitat shifting & alterationLarge (31-70%)Serious - moderateHigh (continuing)

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Roadless Areas (4)
Idaho (1)
AreaForestAcres
Bear CreekCaribou-Targhee National Forest118,582
Illinois (1)
AreaForestAcres
Burke BranchShawnee National Forest6,231
Tennessee (2)
AreaForestAcres
Bald MountainCherokee National Forest11,743
Sampson Mountain AdditionCherokee National Forest3,064
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