Artemisia absinthium

L.

Common Wormwood

GNRUnranked Found in 11 roadless areas NatureServe Explorer →
GNRUnrankedGlobal Rank
Identity
Unique IDELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.128954
Element CodePDAST0S020
Record TypeSPECIES
ClassificationSpecies
Classification StatusStandard
Name CategoryVascular Plant
Endemicoccurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations
KingdomPlantae
PhylumAnthophyta
ClassDicotyledoneae
OrderAsterales
FamilyAsteraceae
GenusArtemisia
Synonyms
Artemisia absinthium var. insipidaStechmann
Other Common Names
Absinthe (EN) Absinthe Wormwood (EN) absinthium (EN) Armoise absinthe (FR)
Concept Reference
Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.
Taxonomic Comments
Kartesz (1999) no longer recognizes any North American varieties of Artemisia absinthium.
Conservation Status
Change Date1994-03-22
Edition Date1987-06-12
Edition AuthorsJ.E. EVANS (1982), UPDATE BY NANCY ECKARDT (1987), MRO
Range Extent>2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)
Range Extent Comments
A. absinthium may be found from Newfoundland to Manitoba, as far north as Hudson's Bay, and south to Nova Scotia, New England, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey (Britton and Brown 1913, Fernald 1950). In the Midwest, it can be found in Ohio, Indiana, Wisconsin, and Minnesota (Fernald 1950). In the Great Plains, it is found in North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, and the Prairie Provinces of Canada (Britton and Brown 1913, Fernald 1950, Molberg 1976, Wrage and Kinch 1973, Mitich 1975, Schroeder 1979). It is also known to occur in Nebraska and Kansas (McGregor et al. 1977).

Absinth sage is a native of Eurasia, the Middle East, and North Africa (Wrage and Kinch 1973, Mitich 1975). It was introduced to North America in the early part of the 19th century to be cultivated for medicinal and social uses (Mitich 1975), and was first reported outside cultivated gardens in 1841, along roadsides and on waste ground (Torrey and Gray 1841, Mitich 1975).
Threat Impact Comments
Absinth sage can create a problem in native grasslands, pastures, and fields by outcompeting grasses and other desirable plants. It generally presents a problem in highly disturbed areas, such as old pastures, and is not considered a threat to well-established prairies (Plumb 1987, McNeil 1987). Cattle usually avoid eating absinth, but will consume it when it is found in hay. Milk from cows that have consumed absinth is strongly flavored and rejected for human consumption; grain containing absinth is similarly tainted and rejected for use in flour (Molberg 1971, Maw and Schroeder 1981).
Ecology & Habitat

Diagnostic Characteristics

Among the Artemisia, A. absinthium can be identified by the pistillate marginal flowers and perfect, fertile central flowers, a receptacle with long, woolly hairs, a coarse stem, and pinnately dissected leaves with oblong to linear-oblong leaf segments (Britton and Brown 1913, Fernald 1950).

Habitat

Absinth generally becomes established in disturbed areas where there is little competition from other plants (Molberg 1971). Preferred habitats include dry soil in roadsides, waste areas, farm yards, pastures, and cropland (Molberg 1871, Schroeder 1979). It is also commonly found in fence rows, possibly as a result of intensive grazing along fences (Maw and Schroeder 1981, Bultsma 1982).

Reproduction

The life cycle of A. absinthium has been reported by Wrage and Kinch (1973). Growth begins in late April, and new plants are 4-12 inches tall by mid-May. Flowering begins in late July to early August. During late fall, the above-ground portion of the plant dies. Seedlings may emerge at any time from late spring to early fall (Wrage and Kinch 1973). Seedlings may be unnoticed for some time as they are low with small leaves before the upright flowering stems emerge (Wrage and Kinch 1973, Mitich 1975). Seed dispersal can be aided by running water, and root fragments carried by machinery may extend infestations in cultivated areas (Molberg 1976).

Allelopathy has been demonstrated in A. absinthium. Volatile emanations from the leaves of absinth completely prevented germination in wheat (Triticum triticale), and inhibited seedling growth in wheat, hoary cress (Cardaria draba), and common flax (Linum usitatissimums), whereas seedling growth on white mustard (Sinapis alba) was markedly stimulated.

Extracts made from the leaves of A. absinthium prevented germination of all four test species, and extracts of roots prevented germination of wheat and reduced root and shoot elongation in the other three species by 53-85% (Chirca and Fabian 1973).
Terrestrial Habitats
Urban/edificarian
Other Nations (2)
CanadaNNA
ProvinceRankNative
Prince Edward IslandSNANo
OntarioSNANo
British ColumbiaSNANo
ManitobaSNANo
AlbertaSNANo
New BrunswickSNANo
QuebecSNANo
SaskatchewanSNANo
Nova ScotiaSNANo
United StatesNNA
ProvinceRankNative
New YorkSNANo
IllinoisSNANo
IdahoSNANo
VermontSNANo
ConnecticutSNANo
WyomingSNANo
MissouriSNANo
North CarolinaSNANo
MaineSNANo
Rhode IslandSNANo
NebraskaSNANo
New HampshireSNANo
TennesseeSNANo
ColoradoSNANo
IowaSNANo
WashingtonSNANo
PennsylvaniaSNANo
MinnesotaSNANo
North DakotaSNANo
OregonSNANo
IndianaSNANo
VirginiaSNANo
UtahSNANo
OhioSNANo
MontanaSNANo
South DakotaSNANo
MichiganSNANo
WisconsinSNANo
MassachusettsSNANo
New JerseySNANo
KansasSNANo
Plant Characteristics
DurationPERENNIAL, SUMMER-FLOWERING
Economic Value (Genus)Yes
Roadless Areas (11)
Montana (5)
AreaForestAcres
Bmss Ra 1485Flathead National Forest334,275
Buckhorn Ridge (MT)Kootenai National Forest34,716
Cabinet Face East #671Kootenai National Forest50,326
Middle Mtn. / Tobacco RootsBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest96,487
Silver KingLolo National Forest12,816
North Dakota (2)
AreaForestAcres
DurlerDakota Prairie Grasslands12,464
SheyenneDakota Prairie Grasslands14,537
Oregon (3)
AreaForestAcres
Hurricane CreekWallowa-Whitman National Forest1,606
Imnaha FaceWallowa-Whitman National Forest29,575
Snake RiverWallowa-Whitman National Forest31,229
Wyoming (1)
AreaForestAcres
Phillips RidgeBridger-Teton National Forest10,108
References (25)
  1. Agriculture Canada. 1974. 1973 summary report for the tree nursery, Indian Head, Saskatchewan.
  2. Bragg, T. B. 1978. Effects of burning, cattle grazing, and topography on vegetation of the choppy sands range site in the Nebraska Sandhill Prairie. Proc. First Int'l rangelands Cong. pp. 248-253.
  3. Britton, C. M., Clark, R. G., and F. A. Sneva. 1981. Will your sagebrush burn? Rangelands 3:207-208.
  4. Britton, N. L. and A. Brown. 1913. An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States and Canada. 3 vol. Dover Publications, Inc., N. Y. 2052 pp.
  5. Bultsma, P. 1982. Manager, 1977-1980 Ordway Prairie, Leola, SD. Personal communication with J. Evans.
  6. Chirca, E. and A. Fabian. 1973. Some allelopathic effects caused by Artemisia absinthium L. Cont. Bot. Grad Bot. Univ. pp. 267-276.
  7. Dix, R. L. 1960. The effects of burning on the mulch structure and species compostition of grasslands in western North Dakota. Ecology 41:49-56.
  8. Fernald, M. L. 1950. Gray's manual of botany. 8th edition. Corrected printing (1970). D. Van Nostrand Company, New York. 1632 pp.
  9. Flora of North America Editorial Committee (FNA). 2006a. Flora of North America north of Mexico. Vol. 19. Magnoliophyta: Asteridae, part 6: Asteraceae, part 1. Oxford University Press, New York. xxiv + 579 pp.
  10. Hadley, E. B. 1970. Net productivity and burning response of native Eastern North Dakota prairie comminities. Am. Midl. Nat. 84:121-135.
  11. Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.
  12. Kartesz, J.T. 1999. A synonymized checklist and atlas with biological attributes for the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. First edition. In: Kartesz, J.T., and C.A. Meacham. Synthesis of the North American Flora, Version 1.0. North Carolina Botanical Garden, Chapel Hill, N.C.
  13. Launchbaugh, J. L. and C. E. Owensby. 1978. Kansas Rangelands - their management based on a half-century of research. Kansas Ag. Exp. Stat. Bull. 622. 56 pp.
  14. Laycock, W. A. 1979. Management of sagebrush. Rangelands 1:207-210. Lym, R. B., C. G. Messersmith, and A. G. Dexter. 1984. Absinth wormwood control. North Dakota State Univ. Coop Ext. Serv. W-838. October 1984
  15. Maw, M. G. and D. Schroeder. 1981. Euzophera cinerosella (Zeller) (Lep. Pyralidae) not suitable for release to control Artemisia absinthium in Canada. Zeit. fur ang. Ent. 92:178-184.
  16. McGregor, R. L., T. M. Barkley, and the Great Plains Flora Association. 1977. Atlas of the Flora of the Great Plains. Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames, Iowa. 600 pp.
  17. McNeil, Mile. 1987. Resource Assistant Sheyenne Nat'l. Grassland. Telephone communication with N. Eckardt, TNC, MRO. May 18, 1987.
  18. Mitich, L. W. 1975. Absinth wormwood--a problem weed? Proc. NC Weed Cont. Conf. 30:41-42.
  19. Molberg, E. S. 1971a. Comparison of amine and ester Formulations of 2, 4-D for controlling absinth. Res. Rept., National Weed Comm. (Western Sect.). p. 401.
  20. Molberg, E. S. 1971b. Control of perennial weeds - asinth. Res. Rept. National Weed Comm. (Western Sect.) pp. 40-42.
  21. Molberg, E. S. 1971c. Control of absinth with herbicides. Res. Rept., National Weed Comm. (Western Sect.) p. 400.
  22. Plumb, Glenn. 1987. Research and Management Associate, Ordway Prairie, Leola, SD. Telephone communication with N. Eckardt, TNC, MRO. May 13, 1987.
  23. Schroeder, D. 1979. Investigations on E. cinerosella (Zeller) (Lep:Pyralidae) a possible agent for the biological control of the weed Artemisia absinthium L. (Compositae) in Canada. Mitt. der Schw. Ent. Gesell. 52:91-101.
  24. Torrey, J., and A. Gray. 1841-1843. A flora of North America. Vol. 2. Wiley and Putnam. New York. (Reprinted, 1969, Hafner Publishing Company, New York)
  25. Wrage, L. J. and R. C. Kinch. 1972. Identification and control of wormwood sage. S. D. Agr. Ext. Serv. Rept. 593.