Ilex opaca

Ait.

American Holly

G5Secure Found in 70 roadless areas NatureServe Explorer →
G5SecureGlobal Rank
Least concernIUCN
LowThreat Impact
Identity
Unique IDELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.132716
Element CodePDAQU010R0
Record TypeSPECIES
ClassificationSpecies
Classification StatusStandard
Name CategoryVascular Plant
IUCNLeast concern
Endemicendemic to a single nation
KingdomPlantae
PhylumAnthophyta
ClassDicotyledoneae
OrderCelastrales
FamilyAquifoliaceae
GenusIlex
Other Common Names
American holly (EN)
Concept Reference
Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.
Conservation Status
Rank Method Rank calculation - Biotics v2
Review Date2024-06-07
Change Date1983-09-19
Edition Date2024-06-07
Edition AuthorsNordman, C. (2024).
Threat ImpactLow
Range Extent>2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)
Number of Occurrences> 300
Rank Reasons
American Holly (Ilex opaca) occurs in the eastern United States, its native range is from New England south to Florida, and west to Missouri, Oklahoma and Texas. There are perhaps more than 10,000 occurrences rangewide, including on many National Forests, National Parks, National Wildlife Refuges, State conservation lands. Threats include the loss of habitat due to residential development and urbanization, and competition from invasive exotic plants.
Range Extent Comments
American Holly (Ilex opaca) occurs in the eastern United States, its native range is from New England south to Florida, and west to southernmost Ohio, Missouri, Oklahoma and Texas. It has expanded its range from horticultural plantings and naturalization especially in the Midwest, into Michigan, central and northern Ohio, western Pennsylvania, and upstate New York. The native range extent was estimated to be 2.7 million square kilometers, using herbarium specimens and photo-based observations documented between 1993 and 2024 (Cooperrider 1995, GBIF 2024, iNaturalist 2024, Little 1979, NatureServe 2024, SEINet 2024, Weakley and Southeastern Flora Team 2024).
Occurrences Comments
By applying a 1 km separation distance to herbarium records and photo-based observations documented between 1993 and 2024, it is estimated that there are more than 300 and perhaps more than 10,000 occurrences rangewide (GBIF 2024, iNaturalist 2024, SEINet 2024).
Threat Impact Comments
Threats to American Holly (Ilex opaca) are low overall, and include the loss of habitat due to residential development and urbanization, and competition from invasive exotic plants.
Ecology & Habitat

Habitat

American Holly (Ilex opaca) occurs in dry to mesic forests, in bottomland and and other wet forests, at near sea level up to 1170 meters of elevation (SEINet 2024, Weakley and Southeastern Flora Team 2024).

Reproduction

The fruits are dispersed by birds and to a lesser extent, mammals.
Terrestrial Habitats
Forest/Woodland
Palustrine Habitats
FORESTED WETLANDRiparian
Other Nations (1)
United StatesN5
ProvinceRankNative
DelawareS5Yes
MissouriSNRYes
GeorgiaSNRYes
KentuckyS5Yes
IllinoisSNANo
TennesseeSNRYes
Rhode IslandSNRYes
New YorkS4Yes
AlabamaSNRYes
West VirginiaS5Yes
OhioSNRYes
ArkansasSNRYes
OklahomaSNRYes
LouisianaSNRYes
MississippiSNRYes
North CarolinaS5Yes
MassachusettsSNRYes
PennsylvaniaS4Yes
South CarolinaS5Yes
District of ColumbiaS5Yes
IndianaSNRYes
TexasSNRYes
ConnecticutSNRYes
New JerseySNRYes
FloridaS4Yes
VirginiaS5Yes
MarylandSNRYes
Threat Assessments
ThreatScopeSeverityTiming
1 - Residential & commercial developmentSmall (1-10%)Serious or 31-70% pop. declineHigh (continuing)
1.1 - Housing & urban areasSmall (1-10%)Serious or 31-70% pop. declineHigh (continuing)
8 - Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseasesRestricted (11-30%)Moderate or 11-30% pop. declineHigh (continuing)
8.1 - Invasive non-native/alien species/diseasesRestricted (11-30%)Moderate or 11-30% pop. declineHigh (continuing)

Plant Characteristics
DurationEVERGREEN, SPRING-FLOWERING
Economic Value (Genus)No
Roadless Areas (70)
Alabama (1)
AreaForestAcres
Blue MountainTalladega National Forest4,986
Arkansas (4)
AreaForestAcres
Bear MountainOuachita National Forest1,910
Blue MountainOuachita National Forest9,755
Brush HeapOuachita National Forest4,205
Little BlakelyOuachita National Forest3,342
Florida (3)
AreaForestAcres
Alexander Springs CreekOcala National Forest2,954
Farles PrairieOcala National Forest1,901
Gum BayApalachicola National Forest11,645
Georgia (13)
AreaForestAcres
Ben GapChattahoochee National Forest1,292
Boggs CreekChattahoochee National Forest2,073
Cedar MountainChattahoochee National Forest1,083
Helton CreekChattahoochee National Forest2,348
Indian Grave GapChattahoochee National Forest1,020
Joe GapChattahoochee National Forest5,321
Kelly RidgeChattahoochee National Forest8,325
Ken MountainChattahoochee National Forest527
Lance CreekChattahoochee National Forest9,025
Miller CreekChattahoochee National Forest701
Pink KnobChattahoochee National Forest12,127
Rocky MountainChattahoochee National Forest4,269
Sarah's CreekChattahoochee National Forest6,888
Kentucky (1)
AreaForestAcres
WolfpenDaniel Boone National Forest2,835
Louisiana (1)
AreaForestAcres
Saline Bayou W & S River CorridorKisatchie National Forest5,355
Mississippi (1)
AreaForestAcres
Sandy Creek Rare Ii AreaHomochitto National Forest2,620
North Carolina (16)
AreaForestAcres
Bald MountainPisgah National Forest11,085
Balsam ConePisgah National Forest10,591
Catfish Lake NorthCroatan National Forest11,299
Cheoah BaldNantahala National Forest7,795
Harper CreekPisgah National Forest7,325
Jarrett CreekPisgah National Forest7,485
Laurel MountainPisgah National Forest5,683
Linville Gorge AdditionPisgah National Forest2,809
Lost CovePisgah National Forest5,944
Mackey MountainPisgah National Forest5,934
Sheep Ridge AdditionCroatan National Forest5,808
Slide HollowPisgah National Forest193
South Mills RiverPisgah National Forest8,588
Tusquitee BaldNantahala National Forest13,670
Wilson CreekPisgah National Forest4,863
Woods MountainPisgah National Forest9,602
Oklahoma (1)
AreaForestAcres
Beech CreekOuachita National Forest8,303
South Carolina (3)
AreaForestAcres
Bee CoveSumter National Forest3,025
Ellicott Rock 1Sumter National Forest301
Ellicott Rock 2Sumter National Forest517
Tennessee (12)
AreaForestAcres
Bald MountainCherokee National Forest11,743
Beaver Dam CreekCherokee National Forest5,070
Big Laurel Branch AdditionCherokee National Forest5,577
Brushy RidgeCherokee National Forest7,469
Devil's BackboneCherokee National Forest4,287
Flint Mill GapCherokee National Forest9,494
London Bridge BranchCherokee National Forest3,387
Rogers RidgeCherokee National Forest4,738
Slide HollowCherokee National Forest4,057
Stone MountainCherokee National Forest5,367
Sycamore CreekCherokee National Forest6,984
Upper Bald RiverCherokee National Forest9,202
Texas (1)
AreaForestAcres
Little Lake CreekNational Forests in Texas596
Virginia (10)
AreaForestAcres
Bear CreekJefferson National Forest18,274
Beartown Addition BJefferson National Forest2,985
Beaver Dam CreekJefferson National Forest1,135
JerkemtightGeorge Washington National Forest16,687
Mountain Lake Addition B (VA)Jefferson National Forest3,405
New London Bridge BranchJefferson National Forest844
North MountainJefferson National Forest8,377
Northern MassanuttenGeorge Washington National Forest9,444
Peters Mountain Addition BJefferson National Forest2,909
Raccoon BranchJefferson National Forest4,388
West Virginia (3)
AreaForestAcres
Dry ForkMonongahela National Forest657
Glady ForkMonongahela National Forest3,239
Mountain Lake Addition B (WV)Jefferson National Forest557
References (8)
  1. Cooperrider, T. S. 1995. The Dicotyledoneae of Ohio, Part 2: Linaceae through Campanulaceae. Ohio State University Press, Columbus. 656 pp.
  2. Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). 2024. Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) data portal. Online. Available: https://www.gbif.org/ (accessed 2024).
  3. iNaturalist. 2024. Online. Available: https://www.inaturalist.org (accessed 2024).
  4. Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.
  5. Little, E.L., Jr. 1979. Checklist of United States trees (native and naturalized). Agriculture Handbook No. 541. U.S. Forest Service, Washington, D.C. 375 pp.
  6. NatureServe. 2024. NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia.
  7. Southwest Environmental Information Network (SEINet). 2024. Collections Databases. Online. Available: https://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/collections/index.php (accessed 2024).
  8. Weakley, A.S., and Southeastern Flora Team. 2024. Flora of the southeastern United States. Edition of March 4, 2024. University of North Carolina Herbarium (NCU), North Carolina Botanical Garden, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. 2203 pp.