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Rhinella marina

(Linnaeus, 1758)

South American Cane Toad

GNRUnranked Found in 2 roadless areas NatureServe Explorer →
GNRUnrankedGlobal Rank
Least concernIUCN
Identity
Unique IDELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1146759
Element CodeAAABB01300
Record TypeSPECIES
ClassificationSpecies
Classification StatusStandard
Name CategoryVertebrate Animal
IUCNLeast concern
Endemicoccurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations
KingdomAnimalia
PhylumCraniata
ClassAmphibia
OrderAnura
FamilyBufonidae
GenusRhinella
Synonyms
Bufo marinus(Linnaeus, 1758)
Other Common Names
Cane Toad (EN) Marine Toad (EN)
Concept Reference
Acevedo-Rincón, A. A., M. Lampo, and R. Cipriani. 2016. The cane or marine toad, Rhinella marina (Anura, Bufonidae): two genetically and morphologically distinct species. Zootaxa 4103:574–586.
Taxonomic Comments
Rhinella horribilis is removed from the synonym of R. marina by Acevedo-Rincón et al. (2016). Eastern populations maintain the Rhinella marina nomenclature and the name Rhinella horribilis should be revalidated for western populations. See also Bessa-Silva (2020) and Pereyra et al. (2021).

This genus of predominantly South American toads was redelimited by Chaparro et al. (2007) to reflect the phylogenetic results of Pramuk (2006). Van Bocxlaer et al. (2010) suggested that Rhinella is only distantly related to North American toads of the genera Incilius and Anaxyrus.
Ecology & Habitat
Other Nations (1)
United StatesNNA
ProvinceRankNative
FloridaSNANo
HawaiiSNANo
Roadless Areas (2)
Puerto Rico (2)
AreaForestAcres
El Toro AreaCaribbean National Forest12,584
Mameyes AreaCaribbean National Forest11,150
References (7)
  1. Acevedo-Rincón, A. A., M. Lampo, and R. Cipriani. 2016. The cane or marine toad, <i>Rhinella marina</i> (Anura, Bufonidae): two genetically and morphologically distinct species. Zootaxa 4103:574–586.
  2. Bessa-Silva, A., M. Vallinoto, I. Sampaio, O. Flores-Villela, E. N. Smith, and F. Sequeira. 2020. The roles of vicariance and dispersal in the differentiation of two species of the <i>Rhinella marina</i> species complex. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 145(106723):1-12.
  3. Chaparro, J. C., J. B. Pramuk, and A. G. Gluesenkamp. 2007. A new species of arboreal <i>Rhinella</i> (Anura: Bufonidae) from a cloud forest of southeastern Peru. Herpetologica. 63 (2): 203-212.
  4. Frost, D.R. 2020. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. Online: http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.html
  5. Pereyra, M. O., B. L. Blotto, D. Baldo, J. C. Chaparro, S. R. Ron, A. J. Elias-Costa, P. P. Iglesias, P. J. Venegas, M. T. C. Thomé, J. J. Ospina-Sarria, N. M. Maciel, M. Rada, F. Kolenc, C. Borteiro, M. Rivera-Correa, F. J. M. Rojas-Runjaic, J. Moravec, I. De la Riva, W. C. Wheeler, S. Castroviejo-Fisher, T. Grant, C. F. B. Haddad, and J. Faivovich. 2021. Evolution in the genus <i>Rhinella</i>: A total evidence phylogenetic analysis of Neotropical True Toads (Anura: Bufonidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 447:1-156.
  6. Pramuk, J. B. 2006. Phylogeny of south American <i>Bufo </i>(Anura: Bufonidae) inferred from combined evidence. Zoological journal of the Linnean society 146(3):407-452.
  7. Van Bocxlaer, I., S. P. Loader, K. Roelants, S. D. Biju, M. Menegon, and F. Bossuyt. 2010. Gradual adaptation toward a range-expansion phenotype initiated the global radiation of toads. Science 327(5966):679-682.