Taricha torosa

(Rathke, 1833)

California Newt

G4Apparently Secure Found in 39 roadless areas NatureServe Explorer →
G4Apparently SecureGlobal Rank
Near threatenedIUCN
MediumThreat Impact
Identity
Unique IDELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.105555
Element CodeAAAAF02032
Record TypeSPECIES
ClassificationSpecies
Classification StatusStandard
Name CategoryVertebrate Animal
IUCNNear threatened
Endemicendemic to a single state or province
KingdomAnimalia
PhylumCraniata
ClassAmphibia
OrderCaudata
FamilySalamandridae
GenusTaricha
Synonyms
Taricha torosa torosa(Rathke, 1833)
Other Common Names
Coast Range Newt (EN)
Concept Reference
Frost, D. R. 1985. Amphibian species of the world. A taxonomic and geographical reference. Allen Press, Inc., and The Association of Systematics Collections, Lawrence, Kansas. v + 732 pp.
Taxonomic Comments
Taricha torosa sierrae was elevated to species status by Kuchta (2007).

Phylogenetic analysis of mtDNA data (Tan and Wake 1995) revealed the following clusters in T. torosa: (1) northern Sierra Nevada (Shasta to Nevada counties); (2) central Sierra Nevada (El Dorado to Fresno counties); (3) southern Sierra Nevada (Tulare to Kern counties) (independently derived relative to 1 and 2, above); (4) southern coastal California (San Diego and Orange counties); (5) central coastal California (Los Angeles to central and northern California). This study and additional allozyme data (Kuchta and Tan 2006) provided the basis for a phylogeographical history of T. torosa. Among other things, the data are consistent in indicating that populations in the southern Sierra Nevada are more closely related to T. torosa torosa than to T. t. sierrae.
Conservation Status
Review Date2008-05-29
Change Date2005-10-07
Edition Date2010-01-25
Edition AuthorsHammerson, G.
Threat ImpactMedium
Range Extent20,000-200,000 square km (about 8000-80,000 square miles)
Number of Occurrences81 - 300
Range Extent Comments
Range includes the coast ranges of California, from Mendocino County southward to Los Angeles County and disjunctly south to the Cayumaca Mountains in San Diego County; also the southern Sierra Nevada from Tulare County to Kern County (Kuchta and Tan 2006). Taricha sierrae hybridizes with T. torosa in the southern Sierra Nevada (Kaweah River area) (Kuchta 2007).
Occurrences Comments
This species is represented by many and/or large occurrences throughout most of the range.
Threat Impact Comments
Under natural conditions, solar UV-B radiation reduces embryo survival; effects at the population level remain to be determined (Anzalone et al. 1998).

Introduced crayfish and mosquitofish (Gambusia) prey on eggs and larvae and have caused local population declines in southern California (Gamradt and Kats 1996). Introduced fishes likely have a negative impact in some bodies of water.

Locally, population have been reduced or eliminated as a result of habitat degradation or loss caused by conversion of habitat to human uses and to a much lesser degree by large-scale commercial exploitation (Jennings and Hayes 1994). Increased stream sedimentation resulting from erosion caused by human activities and wildlfires (Gamradt and Kats 1997, Kerby and Kats 1998) has degraded breeding habitat in some areas (Jennings and Hayes 1994).

Many are killed on roads as they move between uplands and aquatic breeding sites.
Ecology & Habitat

Description

The upper side of adults is usually dark brown to tan or yellowish brown. The belly is yellowish to orange. The skin is rough in the land-dwelling stage but becomes smooth in breeding males. The lower eyelids and the area below eyes is pale. The sides of the body lack prominent vertical grooves. When viewed from above, the eyes generally extend to or beyond the outline of the head. The roof of the mouth has a Y-shaped patch of teeth. Maximum size is about 3.5 inches (9 cm) from the tip of the snout to the rear end of the vent. Breeding males have smooth skin, a flattened tail, and a swollen vent, and the undersides of the feet have rough dark skin. Larvae have large gills and a dark stripe on each side of the back. Egg masses are rounded, have firm jelly, contain usually about 1-3 dozen egg, sand are up to about one inch (2.5 cm) in diameter.

Habitat

When not breeding, coast range newts occupy various upland habitats such as grassland, woodland, and forest(Storer 1925, Petranka 1998, Stebbins 2003, Kuchta 2005).. Breeding occurs in ponds, reservoirs, and streams. Eggs are attached to sticks, stones, or vegetation in flowing or nonflowing water; fast-moving streams and rivers are used more often in southern California mountains than elsewhere in the range.

Reproduction

Coast range newts migrate seasonally between upland habitats and aquatic breeding sites. Generally they begin moving to water with the first fall rains. Breeding occurs from December to May (peak February-April). Individual females lay 1 or 2 dozen eggs in spherical masses. Larvae hatch in about 4-8 weeks. Larvae transform in late summer or early fall or when the water dries up. Metamorphosed juveniles live several years on land before maturing and returning to water to breed.
Terrestrial Habitats
Forest/WoodlandForest - HardwoodForest - MixedWoodland - HardwoodWoodland - MixedShrubland/chaparralSavannaGrassland/herbaceous
Palustrine Habitats
TEMPORARY POOLRiparian
Other Nations (1)
United StatesN4
ProvinceRankNative
CaliforniaS4Yes
Threat Assessments
ThreatScopeSeverityTiming
4 - Transportation & service corridorsHigh (continuing)
4.1 - Roads & railroadsHigh (continuing)
7 - Natural system modificationsHigh (continuing)
7.1 - Fire & fire suppressionHigh (continuing)
8 - Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseasesHigh (continuing)
8.1 - Invasive non-native/alien species/diseasesHigh (continuing)
9 - PollutionHigh (continuing)
9.3 - Agricultural & forestry effluentsHigh (continuing)

Roadless Areas (39)
California (37)
AreaForestAcres
Arroyo SecoAngeles National Forest4,703
Bear MountainLos Padres National Forest913
Black ButteLos Padres National Forest5,116
Black Mtn.Sequoia National Forest15,102
CamuesaLos Padres National Forest8,209
Chalk PeakLos Padres National Forest7,472
ChicoSequoia National Forest39,836
ColdwaterCleveland National Forest8,402
Cucamonga CSan Bernardino National Forest4,106
Dennison PeakSequoia National Forest6,293
DiableLos Padres National Forest19,597
Eagle PeakCleveland National Forest6,481
Garcia MountainLos Padres National Forest7,850
Greenhorn CreekSequoia National Forest28,226
JuncalLos Padres National Forest12,289
LaddCleveland National Forest5,300
Lion RidgeSequoia National Forest5,265
Malduce BuckhornLos Padres National Forest14,177
Mill CreekSequoia National Forest27,643
MonoLos Padres National Forest28,141
MosesSequoia National Forest22,077
No NameCleveland National Forest4,897
Pleasant ViewAngeles National Forest26,395
San DimasAngeles National Forest7,160
San Gabriel AddAngeles National Forest2,527
San SevaineSan Bernardino National Forest6,866
Santa CruzLos Padres National Forest21,182
Sheep MountainAngeles National Forest21,098
Sill HillCleveland National Forest5,294
Slate Mtn.Sequoia National Forest12,299
Strawberry PeakAngeles National Forest7,245
TequepisLos Padres National Forest9,080
TrabucoCleveland National Forest23,341
West ForkAngeles National Forest1,169
WestforkAngeles National Forest4,407
White LedgeLos Padres National Forest18,632
WildhorseCleveland National Forest1,483
Idaho (1)
AreaForestAcres
Bear CreekCaribou-Targhee National Forest118,582
Texas (1)
AreaForestAcres
Big CreekNational Forests in Texas1,447
References (19)
  1. Anzalone, C. R., L. B. Kats, and M. S. Gordon. 1998. Effects of solar UV-B radiation on embryonic development in HYLA CADAVERINA, HYLA REGILLA, and TARICHA TOROSA. Conservation Biology 12:646-653.
  2. Crother, B. I. (editor). 2012. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. 7th edition. SSAR Herpetological Circular 39:1-92.
  3. Crother, B. I. (editor). 2017. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. 8th edition. SSAR Herpetological Circular 43:1-104. [Updates in SSAR North American Species Names Database at: https://ssarherps.org/cndb]
  4. Frost, D. R. 1985. Amphibian species of the world. A taxonomic and geographical reference. Allen Press, Inc., and The Association of Systematics Collections, Lawrence, Kansas. v + 732 pp.
  5. Frost, D.R. 2020. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. Online: http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.html
  6. Gamradt, S. C., and L. B. Kats. 1997. Impact of chaparral wildfire-induced sedimentation on oviposition of stream-breeding California newts (<i>Taricha torosa</i>). Oecologia 110:546-549.
  7. Gamradt, S. C., and L. B. Katz. 1996. The effect of introduced crayfish and mosquitofish on California newts (Taricha torosa). Conservation Biology 10:1155-1162.
  8. Jennings, M. R., and M. P. Hayes. 1994. Amphibian and reptile species of special concern in California. Final Report submitted to the California Department of Fish and Game, Inland Fisheries Division. Contract No. 8023. 255 pp.
  9. Jones, L.L.C., W. P. Leonard, and D. H. Olson, editors. 2005. Amphibians of the Pacific Northwest. Seattle Audubon Society, Seattle, Washington. xii + 227 pp.
  10. Kerby, J. L., and L. B. Kats. 1998. Modified interactions between salamander life stages caused by wildfire-induced sedimentation. Ecology 79:740-745.
  11. Kuchta, S. R. 2005. <i>Taricha torosa</i> (Rathke, 1833). California newt. Pages 904-908 in M. Lannoo, editor. Amphibian declines: the conservation status of United States species. University of California Press, Berkeley.
  12. Kuchta, S. R. 2007. Contact zones and species limits: hybridization between lineages of the California newt, <i>Taricha torosa</i>, in the southern Sierra Nevada. Herpetologica 63::332-350.
  13. Kuchta, S. R., and A.-M. Tan. 2006. Lineage diversification on an evolving landscape: phylogeography of the California newt, <i>Taricha torosa </i>(Caudata: Salamandridae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 89:213-239.
  14. Nussbaum, R.A. and Brodie, E.D. Jr. 1981. Taricha torosa. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles. 273:1-4.
  15. Petranka, J. W. 1998. Salamanders of the United States and Canada. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
  16. Stebbins, R. C. 1951. Amphibians of western North America. University of California Press, Berkeley. 539 pp.
  17. Stebbins, R. C. 2003. A field guide to western reptiles and amphibians. Third edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.
  18. Storer, T. I. 1925. A synopsis of the Amphibia of California. University of California Publications in Zoology 27:1-342.
  19. Tan, A.-M., and D. B. Wake. 1995. MtDNA phylogeography of the California newt, TARICHA TOROSA (Caudata, Salamandridae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 4:383-394.