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Toxostoma redivivum

(Gambel, 1845)

California Thrasher

G5Secure Found in 300 roadless areas NatureServe Explorer →
G5SecureGlobal Rank
Least concernIUCN
California Thrasher (Toxostoma redivivum). © Dorian Anderson; Cornell Lab of Ornithology | Macaulay Library.
© Dorian Anderson; Cornell Lab of Ornithology | Macaulay Library
California Thrasher (Toxostoma redivivum). © Gavin Aquila; Cornell Lab of Ornithology | Macaulay Library.
© Gavin Aquila; Cornell Lab of Ornithology | Macaulay Library
California Thrasher (Toxostoma redivivum). © Max Breshears; Cornell Lab of Ornithology | Macaulay Library.
© Max Breshears; Cornell Lab of Ornithology | Macaulay Library
California Thrasher (Toxostoma redivivum). © Dubi Shapiro; Cornell Lab of Ornithology | Macaulay Library.
© Dubi Shapiro; Cornell Lab of Ornithology | Macaulay Library
California Thrasher (Toxostoma redivivum). © Daniel Irons; Cornell Lab of Ornithology | Macaulay Library.
© Daniel Irons; Cornell Lab of Ornithology | Macaulay Library
California Thrasher (Toxostoma redivivum). © Marky Mutchler; Cornell Lab of Ornithology | Macaulay Library.
© Marky Mutchler; Cornell Lab of Ornithology | Macaulay Library
California Thrasher (Toxostoma redivivum). Photo by U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Public Domain (U.S. Government Work), via ECOS.
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, https://www.usa.gov/government-works
Identity
Unique IDELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.104858
Element CodeABPBK06080
Record TypeSPECIES
ClassificationSpecies
Classification StatusStandard
Name CategoryVertebrate Animal
IUCNLeast concern
Endemicoccurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations
KingdomAnimalia
PhylumCraniata
ClassAves
OrderPasseriformes
FamilyMimidae
GenusToxostoma
Other Common Names
Cuitlacoche Californiano (ES) Moqueur de Californie (FR)
Concept Reference
American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1998. Check-list of North American birds. Seventh edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. [as modified by subsequent supplements and corrections published in The Auk]. Also available online: http://www.aou.org/.
Taxonomic Comments
Sibley and Monroe (1990) hypothesized that T. redivivum constituted a superspecies with T. crissale, but the phylogenetic analysis of Zink et al. (1999) suggests that the sister species of T. crissale is T. lecontei. Placed in Sturnidae in Sibley and Ahlquist (1984).
Conservation Status
Review Date1996-12-03
Change Date1996-12-03
Range Extent20,000-2,500,000 square km (about 8000-1,000,000 square miles)
Range Extent Comments
RESIDENT: California north to Humboldt and Shasta counties (west of Cascades-Sierra Nevada and the deserts) and in northwestern Baja California (south to lat. 30 degrees N.). Casual in southwestern Oregon (Medford) (AOU 1983).
Ecology & Habitat

Habitat

Lowland and coastal chaparral, and riparian thickets (AOU 1983). Usually on or near ground. BREEDING: Nests in bush or small tree. Nest constructed by both adults.

Ecology

Often in association with brown towhee and wren-tit. Defends a 0.75 acre territory throughout the year (Bureau of Land Management, no date).

Reproduction

Eggs laid February-July. Both adults, in turn, incubate 3, sometimes 2-4, eggs for 14 days. Young leave the nest in 12-14 days, but continue to be fed by adults. Female may incubate second brood while male feeds young.
Terrestrial Habitats
Shrubland/chaparral
Palustrine Habitats
Riparian
Other Nations (1)
United StatesN5
ProvinceRankNative
CaliforniaSNRYes
Roadless Areas (300)
California (299)
AreaForestAcres
AgnewSequoia National Forest9,561
AgnewSequoia National Forest9,561
AntimonyLos Padres National Forest40,911
AntimonyLos Padres National Forest40,911
AntimonyLos Padres National Forest40,911
Arroyo SecoAngeles National Forest4,703
Arroyo SecoAngeles National Forest4,703
Arroyo SecoAngeles National Forest4,703
Barker ValleyCleveland National Forest11,940
Barker ValleyCleveland National Forest11,940
Barker ValleyCleveland National Forest11,940
Bear MountainLos Padres National Forest913
Bear MountainLos Padres National Forest913
Bear MountainLos Padres National Forest913
Big RocksLos Padres National Forest11,866
Big RocksLos Padres National Forest11,866
Black ButteLos Padres National Forest5,116
Black ButteLos Padres National Forest5,116
Black ButteLos Padres National Forest5,116
Black MountainLos Padres National Forest16,818
Black MountainLos Padres National Forest16,818
Black Mtn.Sequoia National Forest15,102
Black Mtn.Sequoia National Forest15,102
BriscoeMendocino National Forest7,212
BriscoeMendocino National Forest7,212
Butt Mtn.Lassen National Forest8,217
Butt Mtn.Lassen National Forest8,217
Cactus Springs ASan Bernardino National Forest53
Cactus Springs ASan Bernardino National Forest53
Cactus Springs BSan Bernardino National Forest3,106
Cactus Springs BSan Bernardino National Forest3,106
Cactus Springs BSan Bernardino National Forest3,106
Cahuilla MountainSan Bernardino National Forest6,952
Cahuilla MountainSan Bernardino National Forest6,952
Cahuilla MountainSan Bernardino National Forest6,952
CajonSan Bernardino National Forest7,548
CajonSan Bernardino National Forest7,548
CajonSan Bernardino National Forest7,548
CalienteCleveland National Forest5,953
CalienteCleveland National Forest5,953
CalienteCleveland National Forest5,953
CamuesaLos Padres National Forest8,209
CamuesaLos Padres National Forest8,209
CamuesaLos Padres National Forest8,209
Chalk PeakLos Padres National Forest7,472
Chalk PeakLos Padres National Forest7,472
ChannellSequoia National Forest45,429
ChannellSequoia National Forest45,429
ChannellSequoia National Forest45,429
Cherry LakeStanislaus National Forest1,106
Cherry LakeStanislaus National Forest1,106
ChicoSequoia National Forest39,836
ChicoSequoia National Forest39,836
Circle MountainSan Bernardino National Forest6,375
Circle MountainSan Bernardino National Forest6,375
Circle MountainSan Bernardino National Forest6,375
City CreekSan Bernardino National Forest9,997
City CreekSan Bernardino National Forest9,997
City CreekSan Bernardino National Forest9,997
ColdwaterCleveland National Forest8,402
ColdwaterCleveland National Forest8,402
ColdwaterCleveland National Forest8,402
Crystal CreekSan Bernardino National Forest6,783
Crystal CreekSan Bernardino National Forest6,783
Crystal CreekSan Bernardino National Forest6,783
Cub CreekLassen National Forest8,643
Cub CreekLassen National Forest8,643
Cucamonga AAngeles National Forest1,249
Cucamonga AAngeles National Forest1,249
Cucamonga BSan Bernardino National Forest11,933
Cucamonga BSan Bernardino National Forest11,933
Cucamonga BSan Bernardino National Forest11,933
Cucamonga CSan Bernardino National Forest4,106
Cucamonga CSan Bernardino National Forest4,106
Cucamonga CSan Bernardino National Forest4,106
Cutca ValleyCleveland National Forest14,530
Cutca ValleyCleveland National Forest14,530
Cutca ValleyCleveland National Forest14,530
CuyamaLos Padres National Forest19,631
CuyamaLos Padres National Forest19,631
CuyamaLos Padres National Forest19,631
De La GuerraLos Padres National Forest5,418
De La GuerraLos Padres National Forest5,418
Deep CreekSan Bernardino National Forest23,869
Deep CreekSan Bernardino National Forest23,869
Deep CreekSan Bernardino National Forest23,869
Deer MountainMendocino National Forest11,716
Deer MountainMendocino National Forest11,716
Deer MountainMendocino National Forest11,716
Dennison PeakSequoia National Forest6,293
Dennison PeakSequoia National Forest6,293
Devil GulchSierra National Forest30,490
Devil GulchSierra National Forest30,490
DiableLos Padres National Forest19,597
DiableLos Padres National Forest19,597
Dog CreekShasta-Trinity National Forest5,001
Domeland Add.Sequoia National Forest3,046
Domeland Add.Sequoia National Forest3,046
Dry LakesLos Padres National Forest17,043
Dry LakesLos Padres National Forest17,043
Dry LakesLos Padres National Forest17,043
Eagle PeakCleveland National Forest6,481
Eagle PeakCleveland National Forest6,481
Eagle PeakCleveland National Forest6,481
East BeegumShasta-Trinity National Forest8,425
Ferguson RidgeSierra National Forest6,104
Ferguson RidgeSierra National Forest6,104
Fish CanyonAngeles National Forest29,886
Fish CanyonAngeles National Forest29,886
Fish CanyonAngeles National Forest29,886
Fox MountainLos Padres National Forest52,072
Fox MountainLos Padres National Forest52,072
Fox MountainLos Padres National Forest52,072
Garcia MountainLos Padres National Forest7,850
Garcia MountainLos Padres National Forest7,850
Granite PeakSan Bernardino National Forest450
Granite PeakSan Bernardino National Forest450
Greenhorn CreekSequoia National Forest28,226
Greenhorn CreekSequoia National Forest28,226
GrindstoneMendocino National Forest26,031
GrindstoneMendocino National Forest26,031
Heartbreak RidgeSan Bernardino National Forest4,455
Heartbreak RidgeSan Bernardino National Forest4,455
Hixon FlatSan Bernardino National Forest8,095
Hixon FlatSan Bernardino National Forest8,095
Hixon FlatSan Bernardino National Forest8,095
Horse Creek RidgeSan Bernardino National Forest8,969
Horse Creek RidgeSan Bernardino National Forest8,969
Horse Creek RidgeSan Bernardino National Forest8,969
Horseshoe SpringsLos Padres National Forest14,089
Horseshoe SpringsLos Padres National Forest14,089
IshiLassen National Forest21,805
IshiLassen National Forest21,805
IshiLassen National Forest21,805
JuncalLos Padres National Forest12,289
JuncalLos Padres National Forest12,289
Kings RiverSierra National Forest52,999
Kings RiverSierra National Forest52,999
La BreaLos Padres National Forest14,031
La BreaLos Padres National Forest14,031
La PanzaLos Padres National Forest4,954
La PanzaLos Padres National Forest4,954
LaddCleveland National Forest5,300
LaddCleveland National Forest5,300
LaddCleveland National Forest5,300
Little PineLos Padres National Forest1,315
Little PineLos Padres National Forest1,315
Los Machos HillsLos Padres National Forest11,112
Los Machos HillsLos Padres National Forest11,112
Lpoor CanyonLos Padres National Forest13,762
Lpoor CanyonLos Padres National Forest13,762
Machesna MountainLos Padres National Forest12,271
Machesna MountainLos Padres National Forest12,271
Magic MountainAngeles National Forest15,542
Magic MountainAngeles National Forest15,542
Magic MountainAngeles National Forest15,542
Malduce BuckhornLos Padres National Forest14,177
Malduce BuckhornLos Padres National Forest14,177
Malduce BuckhornLos Padres National Forest14,177
ManzanaLos Padres National Forest2,101
ManzanaLos Padres National Forest2,101
MatilijaLos Padres National Forest5,218
MatilijaLos Padres National Forest5,218
MatilijaLos Padres National Forest5,218
Mill CreekSequoia National Forest27,643
Mill CreekLassen National Forest7,587
Mill CreekLassen National Forest7,587
Mill CreekSequoia National Forest27,643
Mill PeakSan Bernardino National Forest7,884
Mill PeakSan Bernardino National Forest7,884
Mill PeakSan Bernardino National Forest7,884
Mirada PimeLos Padres National Forest13,302
Mirada PimeLos Padres National Forest13,302
MonarchSierra National Forest697
MonarchSierra National Forest697
MonoLos Padres National Forest28,141
MonoLos Padres National Forest28,141
MosesSequoia National Forest22,077
MosesSequoia National Forest22,077
No NameCleveland National Forest4,897
No NameCleveland National Forest4,897
No NameCleveland National Forest4,897
NordhoffLos Padres National Forest12,031
NordhoffLos Padres National Forest12,031
NordhoffLos Padres National Forest12,031
North Fork Middle Fork American RiverTahoe National Forest11,245
North Fork Middle Fork American RiverTahoe National Forest11,245
North MountainStanislaus National Forest7,856
North MountainStanislaus National Forest7,856
Oat Mtn.Sequoia National Forest12,223
Oat Mtn.Sequoia National Forest12,223
Pine CreekCleveland National Forest503
Pine CreekCleveland National Forest503
Pine CreekCleveland National Forest503
Pleasant ViewAngeles National Forest26,395
Pleasant ViewAngeles National Forest26,395
Pleasant ViewAngeles National Forest26,395
Polk SpringsLassen National Forest9,466
Polk SpringsLassen National Forest9,466
Pyramid Peak BSan Bernardino National Forest7,194
Pyramid Peak BSan Bernardino National Forest7,194
Pyramid Peak BSan Bernardino National Forest7,194
QuatalLos Padres National Forest7,253
QuatalLos Padres National Forest7,253
QuatalLos Padres National Forest7,253
Raywood Flat ASan Bernardino National Forest41
Raywood Flat ASan Bernardino National Forest41
Raywood Flat BSan Bernardino National Forest11,373
Raywood Flat BSan Bernardino National Forest11,373
Raywood Flat BSan Bernardino National Forest11,373
Red MountainAngeles National Forest8,034
Red MountainAngeles National Forest8,034
Red MountainAngeles National Forest8,034
Reister CanyonMendocino National Forest5,897
Reister CanyonMendocino National Forest5,897
RinconSequoia National Forest54,610
RinconSequoia National Forest54,610
Rouse HillSan Bernardino National Forest13,745
Rouse HillSan Bernardino National Forest13,745
Rouse HillSan Bernardino National Forest13,745
Salt CreekAngeles National Forest11,022
Salt CreekAngeles National Forest11,022
Salt CreekAngeles National Forest11,022
San DimasAngeles National Forest7,160
San DimasAngeles National Forest7,160
San DimasAngeles National Forest7,160
San Gabriel AddAngeles National Forest2,527
San Gabriel AddAngeles National Forest2,527
San Gabriel AddAngeles National Forest2,527
San Mateo CanyonCleveland National Forest65
San Mateo CanyonCleveland National Forest65
San SevaineSan Bernardino National Forest6,866
San SevaineSan Bernardino National Forest6,866
San SevaineSan Bernardino National Forest6,866
Santa CruzLos Padres National Forest21,182
Santa CruzLos Padres National Forest21,182
Santa CruzLos Padres National Forest21,182
Sawmill - BadlandsLos Padres National Forest51,362
Sawmill - BadlandsLos Padres National Forest51,362
Sawmill - BadlandsLos Padres National Forest51,362
ScodiesSequoia National Forest725
ScodiesSequoia National Forest725
Sespe - FrazierAngeles National Forest4,254
Sespe - FrazierAngeles National Forest4,254
Sespe - FrazierAngeles National Forest4,254
Sespe - FrazierLos Padres National Forest106,910
Sheep MountainAngeles National Forest21,098
Sheep MountainAngeles National Forest21,098
Sheep MountainAngeles National Forest21,098
ShuteyeSierra National Forest7,313
ShuteyeSierra National Forest7,313
Sill HillCleveland National Forest5,294
Sill HillCleveland National Forest5,294
Sill HillCleveland National Forest5,294
Slate Mtn.Sequoia National Forest12,299
Slate Mtn.Sequoia National Forest12,299
Snow MountainMendocino National Forest14,457
Snow MountainMendocino National Forest14,457
South SierraInyo National Forest41,853
South SierraInyo National Forest41,853
Stanley MountainLos Padres National Forest14,674
Stanley MountainLos Padres National Forest14,674
Stanley MountainLos Padres National Forest14,674
Strawberry PeakAngeles National Forest7,245
Strawberry PeakAngeles National Forest7,245
Strawberry PeakAngeles National Forest7,245
SugarloafSan Bernardino National Forest8,206
SugarloafSan Bernardino National Forest8,206
Sycamore SpringsSierra National Forest10,015
Sycamore SpringsSierra National Forest10,015
Tepusquet PeakLos Padres National Forest5,821
Tepusquet PeakLos Padres National Forest5,821
TequepisLos Padres National Forest9,080
TequepisLos Padres National Forest9,080
TequepisLos Padres National Forest9,080
Thomes CreekMendocino National Forest16,616
Thomes CreekMendocino National Forest16,616
TrabucoCleveland National Forest23,341
TrabucoCleveland National Forest23,341
TrabucoCleveland National Forest23,341
Trumbull PeakStanislaus National Forest6,164
Trumbull PeakStanislaus National Forest6,164
TuleAngeles National Forest9,861
TuleAngeles National Forest9,861
TuleAngeles National Forest9,861
West ForkAngeles National Forest1,169
West ForkAngeles National Forest1,169
WestforkAngeles National Forest4,407
WestforkAngeles National Forest4,407
WestforkAngeles National Forest4,407
White LedgeLos Padres National Forest18,632
White LedgeLos Padres National Forest18,632
White LedgeLos Padres National Forest18,632
WildhorseCleveland National Forest1,483
WildhorseCleveland National Forest1,483
WildhorseCleveland National Forest1,483
WoodpeckerSequoia National Forest11,936
WoodpeckerSequoia National Forest11,936
WoolstaffSequoia National Forest41,445
South Dakota (1)
AreaForestAcres
Indian CreekBuffalo Gap National Grassland24,666
References (19)
  1. American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1983. Check-list of North American Birds, 6th edition. Allen Press, Inc., Lawrence, Kansas. 877 pp.
  2. American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1998. Check-list of North American birds. Seventh edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. [as modified by subsequent supplements and corrections published in <i>The Auk</i>]. Also available online: http://www.aou.org/.
  3. Balda, R. P., and G. C. Bateman. 1971. Flocking and annual cycle of the piñon jay, <i>Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus</i>. Condor 73:287-302.
  4. BirdLife International. 2004b. Threatened birds of the world 2004. CD ROM. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK.
  5. Bureau of Land Management. Life History Summaries.
  6. Carter, M., C. Hunter, D. Pashley, and D. Petit. 1998. The Watch List. Bird Conservation, Summer 1998:10.
  7. Horn, H. S. 1968. The adaptive significance of colonial nesting in the Brewer's Blackbird. Ecology 49:682-694.
  8. Ligon, J. D. 1971. Late summer-autumnal breeding of the piñon jay in New Mexico. Condor 73:147-153.
  9. Moore, W. S., and R. A. Dolbeer. 1989. The use of banding recovery data to estimate dispersal rates and gene flow in avian species: case studies in the Red-winged Blackbird and Common Grackle. Condor 91:242-253.
  10. Parker III, T. A., D. F. Stotz, and J. W. Fitzpatrick. 1996. Ecological and distributional databases for neotropical birds. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
  11. Poole, A. F. and F. B. Gill. 1992. The birds of North America. The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. and The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA.
  12. Sibley, C.G., and B.L. Monroe, Jr. 1990. Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT. xxiv + 1111 pp.
  13. Sibley, C.G., and J.E. Ahlquist. 1984. The relationships of the starlings (Sturnidae: Sturnini) and the mockingbirds (Sturnidae: Mimini). Auk 101:230-243.
  14. Tarvin, K. A., and G. E. Woolfenden. 1999. Blue Jay (<i>Cyanocitta cristata</i>). No. 469 IN A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The birds of North America. The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA. 32pp.
  15. Terres, J. K. 1980. The Audubon Society encyclopedia of North American birds. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.
  16. Thompson, F. R., III. 1994. Temporal and spatial patterns of breeding brown-headed cowbirds in the midwestern United States. Auk 111:979-990.
  17. Williams, L. 1952b. Breeding behavior of the Brewer blackbird. Condor 54:3-47.
  18. Willson, M. F. 1966. Breeding ecology of the Yellow-headed Blackbird. Ecological Monographs 36:51-77.
  19. Zink, R. M., D. L. Dittmann, J. Klicka, and R. C. Blackwell-Rago. 1999. Evolutionary patterns of morphometrics, allozymes, and mitochondrial DNA in thrashers (Genus TOXOSTOMA). Auk 116:1021-1038.