Aletris farinosa

L.

White-tubed Colicroot

G5Secure Found in 8 roadless areas NatureServe Explorer →
G5SecureGlobal Rank
UnknownThreat Impact
Identity
Unique IDELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.141280
Element CodePMLIL01030
Record TypeSPECIES
ClassificationSpecies
Classification StatusStandard
Name CategoryVascular Plant
Endemicoccurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations
KingdomPlantae
PhylumAnthophyta
ClassMonocotyledoneae
OrderDioscoreales
FamilyNartheciaceae
GenusAletris
Other Common Names
Northern White Colicroot (EN) White Colicroot (EN) white colicroot (EN)
Concept Reference
Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.
Conservation Status
Rank Method Rank calculation - Biotics v2
Review Date2024-08-07
Change Date1984-02-09
Edition Date2024-08-07
Edition AuthorsKelly McConnell (2001), N. Ventrella (2024)
Threat ImpactUnknown
Range Extent200,000-2,500,000 square km (about 80,000-1,000,000 square miles)
Number of Occurrences> 300
Rank Reasons
Aletris farinosa is a perennial herb occurring in fields and roadsides, moist bogs, dry to mesic prairies, and dry woods and thickets of eastern North America, from Ontario, Canada, south to Wisconsin and Michigan, east to Maine, south to Florida, and west to Texas and Oklahoma in the United States. There are 700 estimated occurrences of this taxon range-wide, which are threatened by over-harvest for medicinal use, conversion of habitat for agriculture or forest plantations, logging, succession, development, rights-of-way maintenance, and invasive species. Little is known about trends, but with a large range extent and high number of occurrences, this species is considered secure.
Range Extent Comments
Aletris farinosa occurs in eastern North America from Ontario, Canada south to Wisconsin and Michigan, east to Maine, south to Florida, and west to Texas and Oklahoma in the United States (FNA 2002). Range extent was estimated to be 2.4 million square kilometers using herbarium specimens, photo-based observations, and NatureServe Network occurrence data collected between 1993 and 2024 (GBIF 2024, iNaturalist 2024, NatureServe 2024, SEINet 2024).
Occurrences Comments
By applying a 1 km separation distance to herbarium specimens, photo-based observations, and NatureServe Network occurrence data documented between 1993 and 2024, it is estimated that there are over 700 occurrences rangewide (GBIF 2024, iNaturalist 2024, NatureServe 2024, SEINet 2024).
Threat Impact Comments
Aletris farinosa has historically been collected from the wild for the herbal medicinal industry; however, more material in commerce today is cultivated. Some experts in the medicinal plant industry have suggested that trade is medium to large and demand has increased over the past ten years, which is concerning because this is a slow growing plant (Robbins 1999). Conversion of remnant native prairie habitats to agriculture has posed the greatest threat to populations in Canada (Kirk 1988). Likewise, populations have been destroyed in Alabama due to timber harvest and land conversion to pine plantations, which is a significant threat generally to native populations throughout the state (Schotz, pers. comm., 2000). Aletris farinosa is sensitive to hydrological changes that accompany logging operations; however, it may respond favorably to the increased light that results (White, pers. comm., 2000). Additional potential threats include development, rights-of-way maintenance, invasive species, succession, and other threats in some places. However, their overall impact is likely negligible given the taxon's broad range, large number of occurrences, tolerance of light disturbance, and affinity for typically abundant habitats.
Ecology & Habitat

Diagnostic Characteristics

Aletris farinosa can be distinguished from the two other Aletris species because it has a white rather than yellow perianth (Kirk 1988).

Habitat

Aletris farinosa occurs in open sites of various habitats, including fields and roadsides, moist bogs, dry to mesic prairies, and dry woods and thickets (FNA 2002, Weakley and the Southeastern Flora Team 2024). It grows in moist or dry peat and sandy soils (Foster and Duke 1990).
Terrestrial Habitats
Forest/WoodlandForest EdgeShrubland/chaparralGrassland/herbaceous
Palustrine Habitats
FORESTED WETLANDBog/fen
Other Nations (2)
United StatesN5
ProvinceRankNative
MaineS1Yes
LouisianaSNRYes
New YorkS2Yes
TennesseeSNRYes
ConnecticutSNRYes
GeorgiaS5Yes
New JerseyS4Yes
MarylandSNRYes
IllinoisS3Yes
IndianaS3Yes
MississippiSNRYes
North CarolinaS5Yes
TexasSNRYes
MassachusettsS4Yes
WisconsinS4Yes
PennsylvaniaS1Yes
OhioS2Yes
West VirginiaS1Yes
South CarolinaS5Yes
Rhode IslandS2Yes
New HampshireSHYes
DelawareS3Yes
KentuckyS3Yes
MichiganSNRYes
OklahomaS1Yes
VirginiaS5Yes
FloridaSNRYes
AlabamaSNRYes
ArkansasSNRYes
District of ColumbiaSNRYes
CanadaN2
ProvinceRankNative
OntarioS2Yes
Threat Assessments

Plant Characteristics
DurationPERENNIAL
Economic Value (Genus)Yes
Roadless Areas (8)
Georgia (1)
AreaForestAcres
Ben GapChattahoochee National Forest1,292
North Carolina (5)
AreaForestAcres
Catfish Lake NorthCroatan National Forest11,299
Harper CreekPisgah National Forest7,325
Linville Gorge AdditionPisgah National Forest2,809
Pond Pine BCroatan National Forest2,961
Sheep Ridge AdditionCroatan National Forest5,808
South Carolina (1)
AreaForestAcres
Wambaw ExtFrancis Marion National Forest527
Tennessee (1)
AreaForestAcres
Bald River Gorge AdditionCherokee National Forest1,728
References (25)
  1. Bentley, Andrew. Herbalist. Lexington, KY.
  2. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC). 1988. Status report on the colicroot <i>Aletris farinosa</i> L. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ontario, Canada.
  3. Edward J. Fletcher Strategic Sourcing, Inc.
  4. Flora of North America Editorial Committee (FNA). 2002a. Flora of North America north of Mexico. Vol. 26. Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales. Oxford Univ. Press, New York. xxvi + 723 pp.
  5. Foster, S., and J. Duke. 1990. A Field Guide to Medicinal Plants- Eastern and Central North America. Peterson Field Guides Series. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. 366 pp.
  6. Foster, S. and J. Duke. 2000. A Field Guide to Medicinal Plants and Herbs of Eastern and Central North America. Second edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, New York.
  7. Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). 2024. Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) data portal. Online. Available: https://www.gbif.org/ (accessed 2024).
  8. Hedge, C.L. Heritage Program Coordinator, Indiana Dept. of Natural Resources, Indianapolis, Indiana. Personal Communication.
  9. iNaturalist. 2024. Online. Available: https://www.inaturalist.org (accessed 2024).
  10. Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.
  11. Kartesz, J.T. 1999. A synonymized checklist and atlas with biological attributes for the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. First edition. In: Kartesz, J.T., and C.A. Meacham. Synthesis of the North American Flora, Version 1.0. North Carolina Botanical Garden, Chapel Hill, N.C.
  12. Kirk, D.A. 1988. Status report on the Colicroot, <i>Aletris farinosa</i>. COSEWIC report.
  13. McGuffin, Michael. Personal communication. American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring MD
  14. Native Plant Trust. 2024. Go Botany website. Online. Available: https://gobotany.newenglandwild.org (accessed 2024).
  15. NatureServe. 2024. NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia.
  16. Nelson, John B. Personal communication. A. C. Moore Herbarium, Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
  17. Nordman, Carl. Tennessee Division of Natural Heritage. Personal communication.
  18. Robbins, C. 1999. Medicine from US wildlands: An assessment of native plant species harvested in the United States for medicinal use and trade and evaluation of the conservation and management implications. Traffic North America. Prepared for The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA. Available at http://www.nps.gov/plants/medicinal/.
  19. Schotz, Al. Personal Communication. Botanist, Alabama Natural Heritage Program.
  20. Southwest Environmental Information Network (SEINet). 2024. Collections Databases. Online. Available: https://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/collections/index.php (accessed 2024).
  21. Strausbaugh, P.D., and E.L. Core. 1978. Flora of West Virginia. Seneca Books, Inc., Grantsville, WV. 1079 pp.
  22. Weakley, A.S. 2000. Flora of the Carolinas and Virginia: working draft of May 15, 2000. Unpublished draft, The Nature Conservancy, Southern Resource Office.
  23. Weakley, A.S., and Southeastern Flora Team. 2024. Flora of the southeastern United States. Edition of March 4, 2024. University of North Carolina Herbarium (NCU), North Carolina Botanical Garden, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. 2203 pp.
  24. White, Deborah. Personal communication. Botanist, Kentucky Nature Preserves Commission, Frankfort, KY.
  25. Winston, David. Herbalist AHG, David Winston, Inc., Herbal Therapeutics, Inc., Herbalist and Alchemist Books