Corallorhiza bentleyi

Freudenstein

Bentley's Coralroot

G2Imperiled Found in 5 roadless areas NatureServe Explorer →
G2ImperiledGlobal Rank
VulnerableIUCN
High - lowThreat Impact
Identity
Unique IDELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.134693
Element CodePMORC0M070
Record TypeSPECIES
ClassificationSpecies
Classification StatusStandard
Name CategoryVascular Plant
IUCNVulnerable
CITESAppendix II
Endemicendemic to a single nation
KingdomPlantae
PhylumAnthophyta
ClassMonocotyledoneae
OrderOrchidales
FamilyOrchidaceae
GenusCorallorhiza
Other Common Names
Bentley's Coralroot Orchid (EN)
Concept Reference
Freudenstein, J. V. 1999. A new species of Corallorhiza (Orchidaceae) from West Virginia, U.S.A. Novon 9: 511-513.
Taxonomic Comments
Recently described from West Virginia (Freudenstein, Novon 9: 511-513, 1999); not addressed by Kartesz (1999). "Corallorhiza bentleyi appears to be most similar to the small Mexican variants of C. striata that have been called C. involuta Greenman but were most recently recognized as C. striata var. involuta (Greenman) Freudenstein (J. V. Freudenstein 1999)" (FNA 2002a).
Conservation Status
Rank MethodLegacy Rank calculation - Excel v3.1x
Review Date2014-07-31
Change Date2002-10-14
Edition Date2014-07-29
Edition AuthorsN. Benton, rev. M. Russo (2010), rev. A. Treher (2014)
Threat ImpactHigh - low
Range Extent1000-5000 square km (about 400-2000 square miles)
Number of Occurrences6 - 20
Rank Reasons
This is a rare native orchid occurring in the mountains of West Virginia and Virginia. There are about 13 occurrences but most have less than ten plants. Plants often occur in the interface between mixed upland hardwood forest and open roadsides. Threats exist from road maintenance activities (road grading, herbicide use), trampling from parked vehicles, and competition from invasive plant species.
Range Extent Comments
Known only from two counties in West Virginia (Monroe and Pocahontas counties) (Harmon 2003) and three counties in Virginia (Giles, Alleghany, Bath).
Occurrences Comments
11 EOs from VA and 1 EO from WV (2010). More populations of the globally rare orchid Bentley's coralroot (Corallorhiza bentleyi) were discovered in Monroe and Pocahontas counties, WV (Harmon 2003).
Threat Impact Comments
The extremely limited distribution of this species makes it especially vulnerable to habitat loss or fragmentation (Southern Appalachian Species Viability Project 2002). Since most currently known occurrences are found along roadsides, threats exist from road maintenance activities (road grading, herbicide use), trampling from parked vehicles, and competition from invasive plant species.
Ecology & Habitat

Diagnostic Characteristics

From Freudenstein and Senyo (2008): Corallorhiza bentleyi is similar to C. striata in its floral structure, but the flowers of the former are much smaller than those of eastern North American C. striata var. striata and are most similar to those from small-flowered populations of the species from southern Mexico, which are known as C. striata var. involuta. Corallorhiza bentleyi also flowers much later than C. striata (late July as opposed to early June), also resembling the southern Mexican populations.

Habitat

Appalachian deciduous forest, often at edges of forest in somewhat disturbed sites; 800 m.

For example, interface between mixed upland hardwood forest and road right-of-way. Associates include Amphicarpaea bracteata, Tussilago farfara, Coronilla varia, Dioscorea quaternata, Prunella vulgaris, Dactylis glomerata, Dichanthelium boscii, Conopholis americana, Maianthemum racemosum, Potentilla canadensis, Carex digitalis, C. debilis, Asplenium platyneuron, Viola hastata, Allium tricoccum, Pilea sp., Osmunda cinnamomea, Polystichum acrostichoides, Lespedeza cuneata, Microstegium vimineum, Chamaelirium luteum, Goodyera pubescens, Botrychium virginianum, Hypericum mutilum, Prenanthes sp., Galax urceolata, Gaultheria procumbens, Smilax glauca, Kalmia latifolia, Rhododendron maximum, Quercus coccinea, Q. prinus, Q. rubra, Q. montana, Liriodendron tulipifera, Acer rubrum, A. pennsylvanicum, Tsuga canadensis, Pinus strobus, Magnolia acuminata, Nyssa sylvatica, Sassafras albidum, Cornus florida, Oxydendrum arboreum, Castanea dentata, Lindera benzoin, Rosa multiflora, etc. Plants seem to be near or in weedy zone next to road.
Terrestrial Habitats
Forest - Hardwood
Other Nations (1)
United StatesN2
ProvinceRankNative
VirginiaS2Yes
West VirginiaS1Yes
Threat Assessments
ThreatScopeSeverityTiming
1 - Residential & commercial developmentUnknownUnknownHigh (continuing)
1.1 - Housing & urban areasUnknownUnknownHigh (continuing)
1.2 - Commercial & industrial areasUnknownUnknownHigh (continuing)
1.3 - Tourism & recreation areasUnknownUnknownHigh (continuing)
2 - Agriculture & aquacultureUnknownUnknownModerate (short-term)
4 - Transportation & service corridorsLarge (31-70%)Serious - moderateHigh (continuing)
4.1 - Roads & railroadsLarge (31-70%)Serious - moderateHigh (continuing)
5 - Biological resource useUnknownUnknownHigh (continuing)
5.2 - Gathering terrestrial plantsUnknownUnknownHigh (continuing)
6 - Human intrusions & disturbanceUnknownUnknownHigh (continuing)
6.3 - Work & other activitiesUnknownUnknownHigh (continuing)
7 - Natural system modificationsUnknownUnknownHigh (continuing)
7.1 - Fire & fire suppressionUnknownUnknownHigh (continuing)

Plant Characteristics
Economic Value (Genus)No
Roadless Areas (5)
Virginia (2)
AreaForestAcres
Mountain Lake Addition B (VA)Jefferson National Forest3,405
Peters Mountain Addition BJefferson National Forest2,909
West Virginia (3)
AreaForestAcres
Little MountainMonongahela National Forest8,172
Mottesheard (WV)Jefferson National Forest3,964
Mountain Lake Addition B (WV)Jefferson National Forest557
References (6)
  1. Barrett, C.F., and J.V. Freudenstein. 2011. An integrative approach to delimiting species in a rare but widespread mycoheterotrophic orchid. Molecular Ecology 20(13): 2771-2786.
  2. Flora of North America Editorial Committee (FNA). 2002a. Flora of North America north of Mexico. Vol. 26. Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales. Oxford Univ. Press, New York. xxvi + 723 pp.
  3. Freudenstein, J. V. 1999. A new species of <i>Corallorhiza </i>(Orchidaceae) from West Virginia, U.S.A. Novon 9: 511-513.
  4. Freudenstein, J. V., and D. M. Senyo. 2008. Relationships and evolution of <i>matK</i> in a group of leafless orchids (<i>Corallorhiza</i> and Corallorhizinae; Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae. American Journal of Botany 95: 498-505.
  5. Harmon, P. J. 2003. Rare and Threatened Plant Species Discovered. WV Wildlife Diversity News 19(4) Winter 2003: 5. [<http://www.wvdnr.gov/Wildlife/PDFFiles/Newsletters/winter03.pdf>]
  6. Southern Appalachian Species Viability Project. 2002. A partnership between the U.S. Forest Service-Region 8, Natural Heritage Programs in the Southeast, NatureServe, and independent scientists to develop and review data on 1300+ regionally and locally rare species in the Southern Appalachian and Alabama region. Database (Access 97) provided to the U.S. Forest Service by NatureServe, Durham, North Carolina.