Tringa semipalmata

(Gmelin, 1789)

Willet

G5Secure Found in 368 roadless areas NatureServe Explorer →
G5SecureGlobal Rank
Least concernIUCN
Willet (Tringa semipalmata). © Dorian Anderson; Cornell Lab of Ornithology | Macaulay Library.
© Dorian Anderson; Cornell Lab of Ornithology | Macaulay Library
Willet (Tringa semipalmata). © Manny Salas; Cornell Lab of Ornithology | Macaulay Library.
© Manny Salas; Cornell Lab of Ornithology | Macaulay Library
Willet (Tringa semipalmata). © Joshua van der Meulen; Cornell Lab of Ornithology | Macaulay Library.
© Joshua van der Meulen; Cornell Lab of Ornithology | Macaulay Library
Willet (Tringa semipalmata). © Jack Belleghem; Cornell Lab of Ornithology | Macaulay Library.
© Jack Belleghem; Cornell Lab of Ornithology | Macaulay Library
Willet (Tringa semipalmata). © Quinn Diaz; Cornell Lab of Ornithology | Macaulay Library.
© Quinn Diaz; Cornell Lab of Ornithology | Macaulay Library
Willet (Tringa semipalmata). © Rob Mikulec; Cornell Lab of Ornithology | Macaulay Library.
© Rob Mikulec; Cornell Lab of Ornithology | Macaulay Library
Willet (Tringa semipalmata). Photo by U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Public Domain (U.S. Government Work), via ECOS.
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, https://www.usa.gov/government-works
Identity
Unique IDELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.100605
Element CodeABNNF02010
Record TypeSPECIES
ClassificationSpecies
Classification StatusStandard
Name CategoryVertebrate Animal
IUCNLeast concern
Endemicoccurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations
KingdomAnimalia
PhylumCraniata
ClassAves
OrderCharadriiformes
FamilyScolopacidae
GenusTringa
Synonyms
Catoptrophorus semipalmatus(Gmelin, 1789)Tringa semipalmatus(Gmelin, 1789)
Other Common Names
Chevalier semipalmé (FR) Maçarico-de-Asa-Branca (PT) Playero Pihuiuí, Playero Ala Blanca (ES) willet (EN)
Concept Reference
American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1998. Check-list of North American birds. Seventh edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. [as modified by subsequent supplements and corrections published in The Auk]. Also available online: http://www.aou.org/.
Taxonomic Comments
Formerly placed in the genus Catoptrophorus (AOU 1998).
Conservation Status
Rank MethodExpertise without calculation
Review Date2016-04-10
Change Date1996-11-25
Range Extent>2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)
Range Extent Comments
BREEDING: locally from eastern Oregon, southern Idaho, central Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, and southwestern Manitoba south to northeastern California, western Nevada, central Utah, northern Colorado, western and northern Nebraska, and eastern South Dakota (formerly in Minnesota and Iowa); locally along Atlantic-Gulf coast from southern New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia south to southern Florida and west to southern Texas and Tamaulipas; the Bahamas; Antilles (Cuba, St. Croix and Anegada, Antigua, Guadeloupe); Cayman Islands; and Los Roques off Venezuela (AOU 1998). NON-BREEDING: north to California and Virginia, south along coasts to South America (to Galapagos Islands, central Chile, Uruguay, and southern Brazil) (AOU 1998). Most abundant in coastal Suriname and north-central Brazil (Morrison and Ross 1989). Nonbreeders may summer in winter range.
Ecology & Habitat

Habitat

Marshes, tidal mudflats, beaches, lake margins, mangroves, tidal channels, river mouths, coastal lagoons, sandy or rocky shores, and, less frequently, open grassland (AOU 1983, Stiles and Skutch 1989). Nests along marshy lake margins in western North America, salt marshes in eastern North America. Nests on the ground in open places, coastal marshes, beaches, or islands; and inland in wet grassland by lakes, or short grass or bare ground by water.

Breeding requires large expanses of short, sparse grasslands for nesting and foraging, and wetland complexes for foraging (Stewart 1975; Weber 1978; Kantrud and Stewart 1984; Ryan and Renken 1987; Colwell and Oring 1988a, 1990; Kantrud and Higgins 1992; Prescott et al. 1995). In both upland and wetland habitats, adults with broods use somewhat taller, denser grass cover than do breeding pairs during nesting (Ryan and Renken 1987). In North Dakota, uplands used by Willets had a thinner litter layer than surrounding areas (Renken 1983). They often nest near a conspicuous object such as a piece of wood, dried cattle dung, or a stone (Higgins et al. 1979, Kantrud and Higgins 1992).

Prefer native grass to tame vegetation (Stewart 1975, Ryan and Renken 1987, Kantrud and Higgins 1992). They prefer pastures that are idle during the nesting season, and to a lesser extent actively grazed pasture, to other land-use types (Higgins et al. 1979, Ryan and Renken 1987, Kantrud and Higgins 1992). Although tilled lands usually are avoided (Weber 1978), nests have been reported in hayland and cropland, including small-grain, flax, and stubble fields (Higgins et al. 1979, Kantrud and Higgins 1992). In North Dakota, pairs nesting in native vegetation had higher hatching success than pairs nesting in cultivated fields (Higgins et al. 1979). In the prairie and aspen parkland regions of Alberta, mean number of birds/site was nonstatistically compared among several habitats (Prescott et al. 1995, Prescott 1997). In prairie, were most abundant in native mixed-grass, followed by coulee, upland shrub, planted cropland, and hayland (Prescott 1997). Coulee was defined as a valley containing an ephemeral creek or seepage that may contain other, undescribed, habitat types. Hayland was planted to grasses (species not given) or alfalfa (MEDICAGO SATIVA). In the uplands of aspen parkland, were most abundant in deferred native pastures grazed after 15 July, followed by idle native grassland, continuously grazed native parkland, and tame dense nesting cover (Prescott et al. 1995). They were not found in tame pasture, deferred tame pasture, idle tame uplands, idle tame grasslands, continuously grazed native grasslands, idle parkland, or native dense nesting cover.

In wetlands, avoid dense, emergent vegetation, preferring shallow-water areas with short, sparse shoreline vegetation (Ryan and Renken 1987, Colwell and Oring 1988a, Eldridge in prep.). Suitable wetlands range in salinity from fresh to saline, and vary widely in size and permanence (Stewart 1975, Kantrud and Stewart 1984, Ryan and Renken 1987, Prescott et al. 1995, Eldridge in prep.). In North Dakota, were more common in alkali or permanent wetlands than in temporary, seasonal, or semipermanent wetlands (D. H. Johnson et al., unpubl. data). Shifts in wetland use occur seasonally and during climatic extremes (Ryan and Renken 1987; Gratto-Trevor, in press). Semipermanent wetlands were used most often, but ephemeral, temporary, seasonal, and alkali ponds were preferred relative to their availability (Ryan and Renken 1987). Semipermanent wetlands were used later in the summer than other wetland types. Semipermanent and permanent wetlands were used during drought years.

Ecology

Territories are large and include both feeding and nesting areas. In North Dakota, mean territory size was 44.3 hectares (Ryan and Renken 1987). Nonbreeding: forages singly or small loose groups; gathers in large flocks to sleep or rest (Stiles and Skutch 1989).

Reproduction

Arrive on Saskatchewan breeding grounds from late April to mid-May, and depart from mid-August to early September (Maher 1974). In the northern Great Plains, breed from early May through late July, with broods present from about early June until late July (Stewart 1975, Kantrud and Higgins 1992, Sedivec 1994). Ryan et al. (1981) reported two cases of renesting after initial nests were destroyed. In Saskatchewan, adults of both sexes and juvenile females exhibited breeding-site fidelity (Colwell and Oring 1988b).
Terrestrial Habitats
Grassland/herbaceousSand/dune
Palustrine Habitats
TEMPORARY POOLHERBACEOUS WETLANDRiparian
Other Nations (2)
United StatesN5B,N5N
ProvinceRankNative
GeorgiaS5Yes
FloridaS4Yes
MinnesotaSXB,SNRMYes
KansasS3NYes
IowaSNAYes
Navajo NationS3MYes
AlabamaS2B,S5NYes
District of ColumbiaS2NYes
MassachusettsS3B,S3NYes
KentuckySNAYes
LouisianaS3Yes
TexasS5BYes
MaineS3BYes
MississippiS4B,S4NYes
VirginiaS4Yes
DelawareS4BYes
TennesseeS3NYes
IdahoS3BYes
WashingtonS3NYes
ArizonaS4MYes
North DakotaSUYes
NebraskaS4Yes
New MexicoS4NYes
South CarolinaS4Yes
IndianaSNAYes
ArkansasSNAYes
OhioSNAYes
New HampshireS3BYes
CaliforniaSNRYes
UtahS2Yes
OklahomaS3NYes
WisconsinSNAYes
OregonS4Yes
ConnecticutS4BYes
MichiganSNRNYes
South DakotaS5BYes
IllinoisSNAYes
New JerseyS4B,S4NYes
Rhode IslandS1B,S3NYes
North CarolinaS4B,S4NYes
MissouriSNAYes
NevadaS3BYes
ColoradoS1BYes
New YorkS3BYes
MontanaS4BYes
WyomingS4B,S4NYes
MarylandS3BYes
PennsylvaniaS2MYes
CanadaN4B
ProvinceRankNative
QuebecS3BYes
LabradorSUMYes
Island of NewfoundlandS1B,SUMYes
ManitobaS3BYes
SaskatchewanS4BYes
AlbertaS4BYes
New BrunswickS3BYes
Nova ScotiaS3BYes
OntarioS2MYes
Prince Edward IslandS3BYes
Roadless Areas (368)
Arizona (5)
AreaForestAcres
Butterfly Roadless AreaCoronado National Forest42,296
Butterfly Roadless AreaCoronado National Forest42,296
GoldfieldTonto National Forest15,257
GoldfieldTonto National Forest15,257
GoldfieldTonto National Forest15,257
California (135)
AreaForestAcres
Adams PeakPlumas National Forest5,283
Adams PeakPlumas National Forest5,283
Bear Camp FlatModoc National Forest2,471
Bear Camp FlatModoc National Forest2,471
Bear MountainLos Padres National Forest913
Benton RangeInyo National Forest9,637
Benton RangeInyo National Forest9,637
Black CanyonInyo National Forest32,421
Black CanyonInyo National Forest32,421
Boundary Peak (CA)Inyo National Forest210,884
Boundary Peak (CA)Inyo National Forest210,884
Caples CreekEldorado National Forest17,854
Caples CreekEldorado National Forest17,854
Castle Crags AShasta-Trinity National Forest113
Castle Crags AShasta-Trinity National Forest113
Castle Crags BShasta-Trinity National Forest1,619
Castle Crags BShasta-Trinity National Forest1,619
Castle PeakTahoe National Forest14,974
Castle PeakTahoe National Forest14,974
City CreekSan Bernardino National Forest9,997
City CreekSan Bernardino National Forest9,997
Coyote SoutheastInyo National Forest53,159
Coyote SoutheastInyo National Forest53,159
Crane Mtn.Modoc National Forest1,269
Crane Mtn.Modoc National Forest1,269
Damon ButteModoc National Forest25,022
Damon ButteModoc National Forest25,022
DardanellesEldorado National Forest8,110
DardanellesEldorado National Forest8,110
Devil's Gate (CA)Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest9,946
Devil's Gate (CA)Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest9,946
Dobie FlatModoc National Forest15,079
Dobie FlatModoc National Forest15,079
Dry LakesLos Padres National Forest17,043
Dry LakesLos Padres National Forest17,043
Excelsior (CA)Inyo National Forest45,607
Excelsior (CA)Inyo National Forest45,607
Glass MountainInyo National Forest52,867
Glass MountainInyo National Forest52,867
Glass MountainInyo National Forest52,867
GrangerModoc National Forest23
GrangerModoc National Forest23
Granite PeakSan Bernardino National Forest450
Granite PeakSan Bernardino National Forest450
Greenhorn CreekSequoia National Forest28,226
Greenhorn CreekSequoia National Forest28,226
Hat Mtn.Modoc National Forest9,478
Hat Mtn.Modoc National Forest9,478
Hoover - Green Ck NoHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest7,155
Hoover - Green Ck NoHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest7,155
Hoover - Mt.olsenHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest624
Hoover - Mt.olsenHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest624
Hoover - Virginia LksHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest5,050
Hoover - Virginia LksHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest5,050
Horse Mdw.Inyo National Forest5,687
Horse Mdw.Inyo National Forest5,687
Iceberg - Mill CreekHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest26,988
Iceberg - Mill CreekHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest26,988
JuncalLos Padres National Forest12,289
JuncalLos Padres National Forest12,289
JuncalLos Padres National Forest12,289
Knox Mtn.Modoc National Forest5,975
Knox Mtn.Modoc National Forest5,975
LavaLassen National Forest5,978
LavaLassen National Forest5,978
Log Cabin SaddlebagInyo National Forest15,165
Log Cabin SaddlebagInyo National Forest15,165
Long MeadowHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest11,967
Long MeadowHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest11,967
Malduce BuckhornLos Padres National Forest14,177
Mill CreekSequoia National Forest27,643
Mill CreekSequoia National Forest27,643
Mill PeakSan Bernardino National Forest7,884
Mill PeakSan Bernardino National Forest7,884
Mt. JacksonHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest20,721
Mt. JacksonHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest20,721
Mt. JacksonHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest20,721
Mt. BidwellModoc National Forest11,687
Mt. BidwellModoc National Forest11,687
Mt. BidwellModoc National Forest11,687
Mt. OlsenInyo National Forest2,161
Mt. OlsenInyo National Forest2,161
Mt. Shasta BShasta-Trinity National Forest2,809
Mt. Shasta BShasta-Trinity National Forest2,809
Mt. VidaModoc National Forest7,771
Mt. VidaModoc National Forest7,771
Mystic (CA)Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest836
Mystic (CA)Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest836
NordhoffLos Padres National Forest12,031
NordhoffLos Padres National Forest12,031
North Fork American RiverTahoe National Forest38,495
North Fork American RiverTahoe National Forest38,495
North Fork Middle Fork American RiverTahoe National Forest11,245
North Fork Middle Fork American RiverTahoe National Forest11,245
PaiuteInyo National Forest58,712
PaiuteInyo National Forest58,712
ParsnipModoc National Forest8,485
ParsnipModoc National Forest8,485
PepperdineModoc National Forest10
PepperdineModoc National Forest10
PowleyModoc National Forest6,268
PowleyModoc National Forest6,268
Rock Creek WestInyo National Forest3,626
Rock Creek WestInyo National Forest3,626
Rose - IcelandHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest1,171
Rose - IcelandHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest1,171
SherwinInyo National Forest3,140
SherwinInyo National Forest3,140
Sill HillCleveland National Forest5,294
Sill HillCleveland National Forest5,294
Silver HillHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest4,423
SinkardHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest2,004
SinkardHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest2,004
SoldierModoc National Forest10,102
SoldierModoc National Forest10,102
TequepisLos Padres National Forest9,080
Timbered CraterLassen National Forest4,096
Timbered CraterLassen National Forest4,096
TrabucoCleveland National Forest23,341
TrabucoCleveland National Forest23,341
Tragedy - Elephants BackEldorado National Forest20,866
Tragedy - Elephants BackEldorado National Forest20,866
WattersonInyo National Forest6,922
WattersonInyo National Forest6,922
Wheeler RidgeInyo National Forest15,744
Wheeler RidgeInyo National Forest15,744
White LedgeLos Padres National Forest18,632
White LedgeLos Padres National Forest18,632
Wild Horse Mtn. (CA)Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest28,822
Wild Horse Mtn. (CA)Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest28,822
WildhorseCleveland National Forest1,483
WildhorseCleveland National Forest1,483
WildhorseCleveland National Forest1,483
Wonoga Pk.Inyo National Forest11,272
Wonoga Pk.Inyo National Forest11,272
Colorado (1)
AreaForestAcres
Dome PeakRoutt NF35,716
Idaho (12)
AreaForestAcres
Bear CreekCaribou-Targhee National Forest118,582
Borah PeakSalmon-Challis National Forest130,463
Borah PeakSalmon-Challis National Forest130,463
Italian PeakCaribou-Targhee National Forest141,158
Italian PeakCaribou-Targhee National Forest141,158
Italian PeakCaribou-Targhee National Forest141,158
Lemhi RangeSalmon-Challis National Forest308,533
Lemhi RangeSalmon-Challis National Forest308,533
PalisadesCaribou-Targhee National Forest122,002
PalisadesCaribou-Targhee National Forest122,002
SeceshPayette National Forest248,088
SeceshPayette National Forest248,088
Montana (34)
AreaForestAcres
Anderson MountainBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest31,501
Anderson MountainBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest31,501
Bear - Marshall - Scapegoat - SwanHelena National Forest51,360
Bear - Marshall - Scapegoat - SwanHelena National Forest51,360
Bear - Marshall - Scapegoat - SwanLewis and Clark National Forest344,022
Bear - Marshall - Scapegoat - SwanLewis and Clark National Forest344,022
Bear - Marshall - Scapegoat - SwanLewis and Clark National Forest344,022
BridgerGallatin National Forest45,059
BridgerGallatin National Forest45,059
Camas CreekHelena National Forest29,191
Camas CreekHelena National Forest29,191
Chico PeakGallatin National Forest10,744
Chico PeakGallatin National Forest10,744
Devils TowerHelena National Forest7,144
Devils TowerHelena National Forest7,144
Freezeout MountainBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest97,305
Freezeout MountainBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest97,305
Freezeout MountainBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest97,305
Gallatin FringeGallatin National Forest51,571
Gallatin FringeGallatin National Forest51,571
Hellgate GulchHelena National Forest16,821
Hellgate GulchHelena National Forest16,821
Hyalite - Porcupine - Buffalo Horn Wilderness Study AreaGallatin National Forest143,991
Hyalite - Porcupine - Buffalo Horn Wilderness Study AreaGallatin National Forest143,991
Mt. JeffersonBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest4,482
Mt. JeffersonBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest4,482
North AbsarokaGallatin National Forest159,075
North AbsarokaGallatin National Forest159,075
O'Neil CreekBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest6,279
O'Neil CreekBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest6,279
Sheep MountainBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest31,584
Sheep MountainBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest31,584
Tash PeakBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest61,312
Tash PeakBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest61,312
Nevada (58)
AreaForestAcres
Bald Mtn.Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest41,598
Bald Mtn.Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest41,598
Cave CreekHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest6,145
Cave CreekHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest6,145
Duck Creek Mtns.Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest12,165
Duck Creek Mtns.Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest12,165
Jarbidge - CottonwoodHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest3,610
Jarbidge - CottonwoodHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest3,610
Jobs Peak (NV)Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest1,342
Jobs Peak (NV)Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest1,342
McaffieHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest26,110
McaffieHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest26,110
Mystic (NV)Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest5,644
Mystic (NV)Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest5,644
Pearl PeakHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest71,405
Pearl PeakHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest71,405
Rose - Alum CreekHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest853
Rose - Alum CreekHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest853
Rose - Dutch LouieHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest363
Rose - Dutch LouieHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest363
Rose - EvansHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest4,782
Rose - EvansHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest4,782
Rose - GalenaHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest3,711
Rose - GalenaHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest3,711
Rose - Hunter EastHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest54
Rose - Hunter EastHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest54
Rose - Hunter Lk NoHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest149
Rose - Hunter Lk NoHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest149
Rose - NortheastHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest550
Rose - NortheastHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest550
Ruby - BaxterHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest153
Ruby - BaxterHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest153
Ruby - Cold CkHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest2,339
Ruby - Cold CkHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest2,339
Ruby - Horse Mtn.Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest613
Ruby - Horse Mtn.Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest613
Ruby - Joe BillyHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest67
Ruby - Joe BillyHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest67
Ruby - Secret Pk.Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest6,749
Ruby - Secret Pk.Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest6,749
Ruby - SouthHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest13,195
Ruby - SouthHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest13,195
Ruby - ThompsonHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest5,289
Ruby - ThompsonHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest5,289
Santa RosaHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest54,555
Santa RosaHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest54,555
Snake - Big WashHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest4,146
Snake - Big WashHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest4,146
Snake - HatcheryHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest4,627
Snake - HatcheryHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest4,627
South SchellHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest125,614
South SchellHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest125,614
Ward MountainHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest15,927
Ward MountainHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest15,927
Wild Horse Mtn. (NV)Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest1,399
Wild Horse Mtn. (NV)Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest1,399
WildhorseHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest11,204
WildhorseHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest11,204
North Carolina (6)
AreaForestAcres
Pocosin AdditionCroatan National Forest286
Pocosin AdditionCroatan National Forest286
Pond Pine BCroatan National Forest2,961
Pond Pine BCroatan National Forest2,961
Sheep Ridge AdditionCroatan National Forest5,808
Sheep Ridge AdditionCroatan National Forest5,808
North Dakota (8)
AreaForestAcres
DurlerDakota Prairie Grasslands12,464
DurlerDakota Prairie Grasslands12,464
Easy HillDakota Prairie Grasslands7,344
Easy HillDakota Prairie Grasslands7,344
Kinley PlateauDakota Prairie Grasslands16,900
Kinley PlateauDakota Prairie Grasslands16,900
VenloDakota Prairie Grasslands5,317
VenloDakota Prairie Grasslands5,317
Oregon (18)
AreaForestAcres
Brattain ButteFremont National Forest5,959
Brattain ButteFremont National Forest5,959
Cottonwood CreekOchoco National Forest9,934
Cottonwood CreekOchoco National Forest9,934
Crane MountainFremont National Forest23,096
Crane MountainFremont National Forest23,096
Malheur RiverMalheur National Forest7,283
Malheur RiverMalheur National Forest7,283
MarshWinema National Forest1,226
MarshWinema National Forest1,226
Silver CreekOchoco National Forest7,952
Silver CreekOchoco National Forest7,952
Sky Lakes BWinema National Forest9,615
Sky Lakes BWinema National Forest9,615
TahkenitchSiuslaw National Forest5,799
TahkenitchSiuslaw National Forest5,799
WoahinkSiuslaw National Forest5,309
WoahinkSiuslaw National Forest5,309
South Carolina (2)
AreaForestAcres
Wambaw ExtFrancis Marion National Forest527
Wambaw ExtFrancis Marion National Forest527
South Dakota (1)
AreaForestAcres
Indian CreekBuffalo Gap National Grassland24,666
Texas (1)
AreaForestAcres
Big CreekNational Forests in Texas1,447
Utah (40)
AreaForestAcres
418022Uinta National Forest17,289
418022Uinta National Forest17,289
418027Uinta National Forest13,884
418027Uinta National Forest13,884
418029Uinta National Forest15,673
418029Uinta National Forest15,673
AtchinsonDixie National Forest17,655
AtchinsonDixie National Forest17,655
Burch CreekWasatch-Cache National Forest6,938
Burch CreekWasatch-Cache National Forest6,938
Circleville MountainFishlake National Forest24,142
CottonwoodDixie National Forest6,754
Cove MountainDixie National Forest16,632
Cove MountainDixie National Forest16,632
Kane MountainDixie National Forest8,013
Kane MountainDixie National Forest8,013
Lewis PeakWasatch-Cache National Forest11,616
Lewis PeakWasatch-Cache National Forest11,616
Middle FrancisWasatch-Cache National Forest3,296
Middle FrancisWasatch-Cache National Forest3,296
MogotsuDixie National Forest16,762
MogotsuDixie National Forest16,762
Moody WashDixie National Forest31,835
Moody WashDixie National Forest31,835
Mt. NaomiWasatch-Cache National Forest41,922
Mt. NaomiWasatch-Cache National Forest41,922
North FrancisWasatch-Cache National Forest8,148
North FrancisWasatch-Cache National Forest8,148
Rock Creek - Green ForkWasatch-Cache National Forest5,660
Rock Creek - Green ForkWasatch-Cache National Forest5,660
SanpitchManti-Lasal National Forest29,129
SanpitchManti-Lasal National Forest29,129
South FrancisWasatch-Cache National Forest3,374
South FrancisWasatch-Cache National Forest3,374
Stansbury MountainsWasatch-Cache National Forest39,696
Stansbury MountainsWasatch-Cache National Forest39,696
Stump CreekCaribou National Forest355
Stump CreekCaribou National Forest355
WellsvilleWasatch-Cache National Forest1,717
WellsvilleWasatch-Cache National Forest1,717
Washington (2)
AreaForestAcres
BangsColville National Forest3,746
BangsColville National Forest3,746
Wyoming (45)
AreaForestAcres
0401018Ashley National Forest6,157
0401018Ashley National Forest6,157
0401019Ashley National Forest6,202
0401019Ashley National Forest6,202
0401021Ashley National Forest5,152
0401021Ashley National Forest5,152
0401035Ashley National Forest5,465
0401035Ashley National Forest5,465
0401036Ashley National Forest6,309
0401036Ashley National Forest6,309
Bear RocksBighorn National Forest25,023
Bear RocksBighorn National Forest25,023
Grayback RidgeBridger-Teton National Forest295,113
Grayback RidgeBridger-Teton National Forest295,113
Gros Ventre MountainsBridger-Teton National Forest106,418
Gros Ventre MountainsBridger-Teton National Forest106,418
Little BighornBighorn National Forest133,949
Little BighornBighorn National Forest133,949
Little Sheep MountainBridger-Teton National Forest14,192
Little Sheep MountainBridger-Teton National Forest14,192
Mosquito Lake - Seven LakesBridger-Teton National Forest51,950
Mosquito Lake - Seven LakesBridger-Teton National Forest51,950
Munger MountainBridger-Teton National Forest12,827
Munger MountainBridger-Teton National Forest12,827
Munger MountainBridger-Teton National Forest12,827
Pacific Creek - Blackrock CreekBridger-Teton National Forest24,658
Pacific Creek - Blackrock CreekBridger-Teton National Forest24,658
PalisadesTarghee National Forest1,121
PalisadesTarghee National Forest1,121
Phillips RidgeBridger-Teton National Forest10,108
Phillips RidgeBridger-Teton National Forest10,108
Sheep MountainMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest17,626
Sheep MountainMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest17,626
Sibley LakeBighorn National Forest10,367
Sibley LakeBighorn National Forest10,367
Teton Corridor TrailheadsBridger-Teton National Forest286
Teton Corridor TrailheadsBridger-Teton National Forest286
Teton Corridor TrailheadsBridger-Teton National Forest286
West Slope TetonsTarghee National Forest47,448
West Slope TetonsTarghee National Forest47,448
West Slope WindsBridger-Teton National Forest143,252
West Slope WindsBridger-Teton National Forest143,252
West Slope WindsBridger-Teton National Forest143,252
Wilderness Study AreaTarghee National Forest51,961
Wilderness Study AreaTarghee National Forest51,961
References (63)
  1. American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1983. Check-list of North American Birds, 6th edition. Allen Press, Inc., Lawrence, Kansas. 877 pp.
  2. American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1998. Check-list of North American birds. Seventh edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. [as modified by subsequent supplements and corrections published in <i>The Auk</i>]. Also available online: http://www.aou.org/.
  3. American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 2006. Forty-seventh supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American Birds. The Auk 123(3):1926-936.
  4. Banks, R. C., and M. R. Browning. 1995. Comments on the status of revived old names for some North American birds. Auk 112:633-648.
  5. Bent, A.C. 1929. Life histories of North American shorebirds (Part II). U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 146. Washington, D.C.
  6. Berkey, G., R. Crawford, S. Galipeau, D. Johnson, D. Lambeth, and R. Kreil. 1993. A review of wildlife management practices in North Dakota: effects on nongame bird populations and habitats. Report submitted to Region 6. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Denver, CO. 51 pp.
  7. BirdLife International. 2004b. Threatened birds of the world 2004. CD ROM. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK.
  8. Braun, M. J., D. W. Finch, M. B. Robbins, and B. K. Schmidt. 2000. A field checklist of the birds of Guyana. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
  9. Carter, M., C. Hunter, D. Pashley, and D. Petit. 1998. The Watch List. Bird Conservation, Summer 1998:10.
  10. Castro, I. and A. Phillips. 1996. A guide to the birds of the Galapagos Islands. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
  11. Colwell, M.A., and L.W. Oring. 1988a. Habitat use by breeding and migrating shorebirds in southcentral Saskatchewan. Wilson Bulletin 100(4):554-566.
  12. Colwell, M.A., and L.W. Oring. 1988b. Return rates of prairie shorebirds: sex and species differences. Wader Study Group Bulletin 55:21-24.
  13. Colwell, M.A., and L.W. Oring. 1990. Nest site characteristics of prairie shorebirds. Canadian Journal of Zoology 68:297-302.
  14. Dale, B. C. 1984. Birds of grazed and ungrazed grasslands in Saskatchewan. Blue Jay 42:102-105.
  15. Dechant, J.A., M.L. Sondreal, D.H. Johnson, L.D. Igl, C.M. Goldade, B.D. Parkin, and B.R. Euliss. 1999. Effects of management practices on grassland birds: Willet. Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, Jamestown, ND. 10 pp.
  16. Eldridge, J. In prep. Management for breeding and migrating shorebirds in the Midwest.
  17. Gratto-Trevor, C. 1999. Use of managed and natural wetlands by upland breeding shorebirds in southern Alberta. Pages 252-259 in Proceedings of the fifth prairie conservation and endangered species conference, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan.
  18. Harrison, C. 1978. A Field Guide to the Nests, Eggs and Nestlings of North American Birds. Collins, Cleveland, Ohio.
  19. Hayman, P., J. Marchant, and T. Prater. 1986. Shorebirds: an identification guide to the waders of the world. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston.
  20. Higgins, K. F., L. M. Kirsch, M. R. Ryan, and R. B. Renken. 1979. Some ecological aspects of Marbled Godwits and Willets in North Dakota. Prairie Naturalist 11:115-118.
  21. Hilty, S.L. and W. L. Brown. 1986. A Guide to the Birds of Colombia. Princeton University Press, Princeton, USA. 836 pp.
  22. Howell, S. N. G., and S. Webb. 1995. A guide to the birds of Mexico and northern Central America. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
  23. Jehl, J. R., Jr. 1973. Breeding biology and systematic relationships of the stilt sandpiper. Wilson Bulletin 85:115-147.
  24. Johnson, D.H. 1996. Management of northern prairies and wetlands for the conservation of Neotropical migratory birds. Pages 53-67 in F.R. Thompson, III, editor. Management of midwestern landscapes for the conservation of Neotropical migratory birds. U.S. Forest Service, General Technical Report NC-187.
  25. Johnson, D.H. 1997. Effects of fire on bird populations in mixed-grass prairie. Pages 181-206 in F.L. Knopf and F.B. Samson, editors. Ecology and conservation of Great Plains vertebrates. Springer-Verlag, New York.
  26. Kantrud, H.A., and K.F. Higgins. 1992. Nest and nest site characteristics of some ground-nesting, non-passerine birds of northern grasslands. Prairie Naturalist 24:67-84.
  27. Kantrud, H.A., and R.E. Stewart. 1984. Ecological distribution and crude density of breeding birds on prairie wetlands. Journal of Wildlife Management 48:426-437.
  28. Knopf, F.L. 1996. Mountain Plover (<i>Charadrius montanus</i>). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 211. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, DC. 16 pp.
  29. Knopf, F.L., and J.R. Rupert. 1996. Productivity and movements of mountain plovers breeding in Colorado. Wilson Bulletin 108:28-35.
  30. Maher, W.J. 1974. Matador Project: Birds II. Avifauna of the Matador area. Canadian Committee for the International Biological Pragramme, Matador Project, Technical Report 58. University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. 31 pp.
  31. Messmer, T.A. 1985. Effects of specialized grazing systems on upland nesting birds in southcentral North Dakota. M.S. thesis. North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND. 112 pp.
  32. Messmer, T.A. 1990. Influence of grazing treatments on nongame birds and vegetation structure in south central North Dakota. Ph.D. dissertation. North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND. 164 pp.
  33. Morrison, R.I.G. 1993/1994. Shorebird population status and trends in Canada. Bird Trends (3):3-5. Canadian Wildlife Service.
  34. Morrison, R. I. G., and R. K. Ross. 1989. Atlas of Nearctic shorebirds on the coast of South America. Vols. 1 and 2. Canadian Wildl. Serv. Spec. Publ. 325 pp.
  35. Morrison, R. I. G., R. E. Gill, Jr., B. A. Harrington, S. Skagen, G. W. Page, C. L. Gratto-Trevor, and S. M. Haig. 2001. Estimates of shorebird populations in North America. Occasional Paper Number 104, Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment Canada, Ottawa, ON. 64 pages.
  36. Nol, E., and M. S. Blanken. 1999. Semipalmated Plover (<i>Charadrius semipalmatus</i>). No. 444 IN A. Poole and F. Gill, eds. The birds of North America. The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA. 24pp.
  37. Parker III, T. A., D. F. Stotz, and J. W. Fitzpatrick. 1996. Ecological and distributional databases for neotropical birds. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
  38. Peterson, R.T. 1980b. A field guide to the birds of eastern and central North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.
  39. Peterson, R.T. 1990b. A field guide to western birds. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.
  40. Prescott, D.R.C. 1997. Avian communities and NAWMP habitat priorities in the northern Prairie biome of Alberta. Land Stewardship Centre of Canada, NAWMP-029. St. Albert, Alberta. 41 pp.
  41. Prescott, D.R.C., A.J. Murphy, and E. Ewaschuk. 1995. An avian community approach to determining biodiversity values of NAWMP habitats in the aspen parkland of Alberta. Alberta NAWMP Centre. NAWMP-012. Edmonton, Alberta. 58 pp.
  42. Prescott, D.R.C., and G.M. Wagner. 1996. Avian responses to implementation of a complementary/rotational grazing system by the North American Waterfowl Management Plan in southern Alberta: the Medicine Wheel Project. Alberta North American Waterfowl Management Plan Centre. NAWMP-018. Edmonton, Alberta. 24 pp.
  43. Raffaele, H. A. 1983a. A guide to the birds of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Fondo Educativo Interamericano, San Juan, Puerto Rico. 255 pp.
  44. Raffaele, H., J. Wiley, O. Garrido, A. Keith, and J. Raffaele. 1998. A guide to the birds of the West Indies. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. 511 pp.
  45. Rappole, J.H., Morton, E.S., Lovejoy, T.E. and Ruos, J.L. 1983. Nearctic avian migrants in the Neotropics. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service and World Wildlife Fund, Washington D.C.
  46. Renken, R. B. 1983. Breeding bird communities and bird-habitat associations on North Dakota waterfowl production areas of three habitat types. M.S. Thesis, Iowa State University, Ames, IA. 90 pp.
  47. Renken, R. B., and J. J. Dinsmore. 1987. Nongame bird communities on managed grasslands in North Dakota. Canadian Field-Naturalist 101:551-557.
  48. Ridgely, R. S. 2002. Distribution maps of South American birds. Unpublished.
  49. Ridgely, R. S. and J. A. Gwynne, Jr. 1989. A Guide to the Birds of Panama. 2nd edition. Princeton University Press, Princeton, USA.
  50. Robert, M., R. McNeil, and A. Leduc. 1989. Conditions and significance of night feeding in shorebirds and other water birds in a tropical lagoon. Auk 106:94-101.
  51. Rompre, G., and R. McNeil. 1994. Seasonal changes in day and night foraging of willets in northeastern Venezuela. Condor 96:734-738.
  52. Rubega, M. A., D. Schamel, and D. M. Tracy. 2000. Red-necked Phalarope (<i>Phalaropus lobatus</i>). No. 538 IN A. Poole and F. Gill, editors, The birds of North America. The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA. 28pp.
  53. Ryan, M.R., and R.B. Renken. 1987. Habitat use by breeding Willets in the northern Great Plains. Wilson Bull. 99(2):175-189.
  54. Ryan, M.R., J.J. Dinsmore, and R.B. Dahlgren. 1981. Ecology of Willets and Marbled Godwits in the glaciated prairie region. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, Project 2170. 3 pp.
  55. Ryan, M.R., R.B. Renken, and J.J. Dinsmore. 1984. Marbled godwit habitat selection in the northern prairie region. Journal of Wildlife Management 48:1206-1218.
  56. Sedivec, K.K. 1994. Grazing treatment effects on and habitat use of upland nesting birds on native grassland. Ph.D. dissertation. North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND. 124 pp.
  57. Sibley, D. A. 2000a. The Sibley guide to birds. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.
  58. Stewart, R. E. 1975. Breeding Birds of North Dakota. Tri-College Center for Environmental Studies, Fargo ND.
  59. Stiles, F. G. and A. F. Skutch. 1989. A guide to the birds of Costa Rica. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, USA. 511 pp.
  60. Terres, J. K. 1980. The Audubon Society encyclopedia of North American birds. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.
  61. Weber, M.J. 1978. Non-game birds in relation to habitat variation on South Dakota wetlands. M.S. thesis. South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD. 54 pp.
  62. Weber, M.J., P.A. Vohs, Jr., and L.D. Flake. 1982. Use of prairie wetlands by selected bird species in South Dakota. Wilson Bulletin 94:550-554.
  63. Zook, J. L. 2002. Distribution maps of the birds of Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama. Unpublished.