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Mergus merganser

Linnaeus, 1758

Common Merganser

G5Secure Found in 406 roadless areas NatureServe Explorer →
G5SecureGlobal Rank
Least concernIUCN
Identity
Unique IDELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.105663
Element CodeABNJB21010
Record TypeSPECIES
ClassificationSpecies
Classification StatusStandard
Name CategoryVertebrate Animal
IUCNLeast concern
Endemicoccurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations
KingdomAnimalia
PhylumCraniata
ClassAves
OrderAnseriformes
FamilyAnatidae
GenusMergus
Other Common Names
common merganser (EN) Grand harle (FR) Mergo Mayor (ES)
Concept Reference
American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1998. Check-list of North American birds. Seventh edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. [as modified by subsequent supplements and corrections published in The Auk]. Also available online: http://www.aou.org/.
Conservation Status
Rank MethodExpertise without calculation
Review Date2016-04-09
Change Date1996-11-21
Range Extent>2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)
Range Extent Comments
BREEDS: Alaska, southern Yukon, Labrador, and Newfoundland south to central California, Arizona, New Mexico, southern Chihuahua (Brown 1990), and, east of Rockies, Minnesota, Michigan, New York, New England, and Nova Scotia. WINTERS: Alaska and southern Canada to Mexico and Florida. Also in Old World.
Ecology & Habitat

Description

See Kaufman (1990, Am. Birds 44:1203-1205) for information on identification.

Habitat

Mostly lakes and rivers; winters primarily on open lakes and rivers and brackish lagoons, rarely in marine coastal situations (AOU 1983).

Nests usually in tree cavities, also on ground and in nest boxes and cliff crevices; generally near clear waters of lakes and rivers in forested regions and mountainous terrain (AOU 1983, Terres 1980).

Reproduction

Clutch size is 6-17 (usually 9-12). Incubation lasts 28-32 days, by female. Young first fly at 60-70 days. First breeds at end of second year (Terres 1980, Palmer 1976).
Terrestrial Habitats
Forest - HardwoodForest - ConiferForest - MixedCliff
Palustrine Habitats
FORESTED WETLANDRiparian
Other Nations (2)
United StatesN5B,N5N
ProvinceRankNative
North DakotaSUYes
IdahoS3Yes
District of ColumbiaS3NYes
MaineS5Yes
IllinoisSNAYes
TexasS3NYes
IndianaS3NYes
WyomingS4B,S5NYes
UtahS2B,S3NYes
New YorkS5Yes
ArkansasS4NYes
VermontS4B,S5NYes
MichiganS3Yes
WashingtonS3N,S4BYes
LouisianaS2NYes
MontanaS5BYes
IowaS5NYes
New HampshireS4Yes
ColoradoS4B,S5NYes
MissouriSNRNYes
OklahomaSNRNYes
TennesseeS4NYes
VirginiaS2B,S4NYes
CaliforniaSNRB,SNRNYes
MarylandS2BYes
ConnecticutS3BYes
AlabamaS3NYes
AlaskaS5BYes
Rhode IslandSNAYes
NevadaS4B,S4NYes
ArizonaS3Yes
NebraskaSNRNYes
New JerseyS4Yes
GeorgiaS4Yes
New MexicoS3B,S5NYes
OregonS4Yes
KansasS5NYes
West VirginiaS3B,S3NYes
WisconsinS4BYes
OhioSNRYes
KentuckyS1B,S3NYes
Navajo NationS2B,S3NYes
MinnesotaSNRB,SNRNYes
South DakotaS2B,S3NYes
South CarolinaS4NYes
DelawareS4NYes
North CarolinaS1B,S1NYes
PennsylvaniaS4BYes
MassachusettsS2B,S5NYes
CanadaN5B,N5N
ProvinceRankNative
QuebecS5BYes
Northwest TerritoriesS5Yes
New BrunswickS5B,S4NYes
AlbertaS5BYes
Island of NewfoundlandS4B,S5NYes
OntarioS5Yes
British ColumbiaS5Yes
ManitobaS5BYes
Nova ScotiaS5B,S5M,S5NYes
SaskatchewanS5BYes
Yukon TerritoryS4BYes
LabradorS5BYes
NunavutSUBYes
Prince Edward IslandSUB,S5NYes
Roadless Areas (406)
Alaska (51)
AreaForestAcres
AnanTongass National Forest36,666
Behm IslandsTongass National Forest4,777
Bering LakeChugach National Forest965,076
Boston BarChugach National Forest53,617
ChichagofTongass National Forest555,858
Chilkat-West Lynn CanalTongass National Forest199,772
Chugach-12Chugach National Forest8,116
Chugach-13Chugach National Forest13,337
College FiordChugach National Forest1,130,818
Copper River WetlandsChugach National Forest85,972
Douglas IslandTongass National Forest28,065
East MitkofTongass National Forest8,795
Fidalgo-GravinaChugach National Forest257,968
Freshwater BayTongass National Forest44,933
Game CreekTongass National Forest54,469
GravinaTongass National Forest37,381
HardingTongass National Forest174,349
HyderTongass National Forest121,723
Johnson PassChugach National Forest152,508
Juneau UrbanTongass National Forest101,581
Juneau-Skagway IcefieldTongass National Forest1,187,268
Kenai LakeChugach National Forest213,172
Kenai MountainsChugach National Forest306,600
LindenbergTongass National Forest25,855
MadanTongass National Forest68,553
Mansfield PeninsulaTongass National Forest54,991
Middle KruzofTongass National Forest14,724
Neka BayTongass National Forest7,142
Neka MountainTongass National Forest6,138
Nellie JuanChugach National Forest713,697
North BaranofTongass National Forest314,089
North ClevelandTongass National Forest105,288
North KruzofTongass National Forest33,146
North RevillaTongass National Forest215,430
North WrangellTongass National Forest8,091
Prince William Sound Is.Chugach National Forest118,698
RedoubtTongass National Forest68,347
ResurrectionChugach National Forest224,615
RevillaTongass National Forest29,298
RhineTongass National Forest23,010
Roaded DonutChugach National Forest968
Sheridan GlacierChugach National Forest224,683
Sitka SoundTongass National Forest13,459
Sitka UrbanTongass National Forest112,003
South KruzofTongass National Forest55,193
South ZaremboTongass National Forest36,285
Taku-SnettishamTongass National Forest664,928
Twenty MileChugach National Forest198,775
Upper SitukTongass National Forest16,789
Windham-Port HoughtonTongass National Forest161,952
Yakutat ForelandsTongass National Forest323,648
Arizona (6)
AreaForestAcres
Barbershop CanyonCoconino National Forest1,311
Black CrossTonto National Forest5,966
GoldfieldTonto National Forest15,257
Horse MesaTonto National Forest9,146
Lower San FranciscoApache-Sitgreaves National Forests59,310
PinalenoCoronado National Forest130,920
California (87)
AreaForestAcres
AgnewSequoia National Forest9,561
Bear MountainLos Padres National Forest913
Black ButteLos Padres National Forest5,116
Black ButteMendocino National Forest15,461
Bucks LakePlumas National Forest680
CajonSan Bernardino National Forest7,548
Caples CreekEldorado National Forest17,854
Carson - IcebergStanislaus National Forest56,430
Castle Crags AShasta-Trinity National Forest113
Castle Crags BShasta-Trinity National Forest1,619
Castle PeakTahoe National Forest14,974
Chalk PeakLos Padres National Forest7,472
ChannellSequoia National Forest45,429
ChicoSequoia National Forest39,836
Chips CreekLassen National Forest29,089
Chips CreekPlumas National Forest12,940
Cow CreekShasta-Trinity National Forest22,627
DardanellesEldorado National Forest8,110
Devil GulchSierra National Forest30,490
Devil's Gate (CA)Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest9,946
Devils GardenLassen National Forest3,335
Devils RockShasta-Trinity National Forest16,209
Dinkey LakesSierra National Forest34,171
Dry LakesLos Padres National Forest17,043
East YubaTahoe National Forest17,968
Ferguson RidgeSierra National Forest6,104
Fox MountainLos Padres National Forest52,072
Glass MountainInyo National Forest52,867
Granite ChiefTahoe National Forest6,546
Greenhorn CreekSequoia National Forest28,226
Grouse LakesTahoe National Forest19,085
Hall Natural AreaInyo National Forest5,236
Hoover - Cattle CkHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest598
Hoover - Green Ck NoHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest7,155
Hoover - Mt.olsenHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest624
Hoover - NorthHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest1,574
Hoover - Twin LakesHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest102
Hoover - Virginia LksHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest5,050
Horse Mdw.Inyo National Forest5,687
Iceberg - Mill CreekHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest26,988
KangarooKlamath National Forest40,617
Kings RiverSierra National Forest52,999
Little French CShasta-Trinity National Forest11,529
Log Cabin SaddlebagInyo National Forest15,165
Middle ForkPlumas National Forest29,278
Middle YubaTahoe National Forest7,379
Mill CreekSequoia National Forest27,643
Mill PeakSan Bernardino National Forest7,884
Mt. JacksonHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest20,721
Mt. EddyShasta-Trinity National Forest7,232
Mt. OlsenInyo National Forest2,161
Mt. RebaStanislaus National Forest3,869
Mystic (CA)Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest836
North Fork American RiverTahoe National Forest38,495
North Fork SmithSix Rivers National Forest37,898
Oat Mtn.Sequoia National Forest12,223
Orleans Mtn.Klamath National Forest49,090
Orleans Mtn. BSix Rivers National Forest17,183
PantherShasta-Trinity National Forest12,016
ParsnipModoc National Forest8,485
Pilot CreekSix Rivers National Forest9,192
Poison HoleEldorado National Forest2,627
PortugueseKlamath National Forest18,915
PyramidEldorado National Forest24,347
Raymond PeakEldorado National Forest2,518
Raymond PeakStanislaus National Forest3,646
Red MountainAngeles National Forest8,034
RinconSequoia National Forest54,610
Robinson PeakHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest5,835
RubiconEldorado National Forest4,872
San Gabriel AddAngeles National Forest2,527
Sheep MountainAngeles National Forest21,098
SherwinInyo National Forest3,140
SiskiyouKlamath National Forest54,039
Siskiyou BSix Rivers National Forest18,871
Timbered CraterLassen National Forest4,096
Tioga LakeInyo National Forest829
Tom MartinKlamath National Forest9,031
Tragedy - Elephants BackEldorado National Forest20,866
Trail LakeLassen National Forest1,124
Trumbull PeakStanislaus National Forest6,164
UnderwoodSix Rivers National Forest6,591
WaterhouseStanislaus National Forest4,394
West GirardShasta-Trinity National Forest37,516
West YubaTahoe National Forest16,059
WestforkAngeles National Forest4,407
WoolstaffSequoia National Forest41,445
Colorado (6)
AreaForestAcres
Bristol HeadRio Grande NF46,087
Dome PeakRoutt NF35,716
HermosaSan Juan NF148,103
Long ParkRoutt NF42,100
Pole Mountain / Finger MesaRio Grande NF43,863
Red TableWhite River NF39,122
Georgia (1)
AreaForestAcres
Ellicott Rock AdditionChattahoochee National Forest690
Idaho (13)
AreaForestAcres
Bear CreekCaribou-Targhee National Forest118,582
Bighorn - WeitasNez Perce-Clearwater National Forest254,845
Borah PeakSalmon-Challis National Forest130,463
HoodooNez Perce-Clearwater National Forest153,868
Lemhi RangeSalmon-Challis National Forest308,533
NeedlesPayette National Forest131,279
North Lochsa SlopeNez Perce-Clearwater National Forest117,662
PalisadesCaribou-Targhee National Forest122,002
Peace RockBoise National Forest191,734
Pioneer MountainsSawtooth National Forest119,563
Pioneer MountainsSalmon-Challis National Forest172,460
SeceshPayette National Forest248,088
West Meadow CreekNez Perce-Clearwater National Forest115,949
Michigan (1)
AreaForestAcres
Government IslandHiawatha National Forest225
Minnesota (5)
AreaForestAcres
Baker - Homer - Brule LakesSuperior National Forest6,712
Brule Lake - Eagle MountainSuperior National Forest12,380
Cabin CreekSuperior National Forest6,071
Kawishiwi Lake To SawbillSuperior National Forest15,305
Wood LakeSuperior National Forest596
Montana (48)
AreaForestAcres
Alexander Creek #696Kootenai National Forest6,719
Allan Mountain (01946)Bitterroot National Forest104,184
Anaconda HillHelena National Forest18,546
Bear - Marshall - Scapegoat - SwanLolo National Forest118,485
Bear - Marshall - Scapegoat - SwanLewis and Clark National Forest344,022
Bear - Marshall - Scapegoat - SwanHelena National Forest51,360
BeartoothGallatin National Forest5,285
Berray Mountain #672Kootenai National Forest9,119
Big LogHelena National Forest8,954
Blue Joint (mwsa) (01941)Bitterroot National Forest64,764
Bmss Ra 1485Flathead National Forest334,275
Buckhorn Ridge (MT)Kootenai National Forest34,716
Cabin Creek Wildlife Management Area OcdGallatin National Forest35,048
Cabinet Face East #671Kootenai National Forest50,326
Cube Iron - SilcoxLolo National Forest36,998
Devils Gap #698Kootenai National Forest5,353
Devils TowerHelena National Forest7,144
Ellis CanyonHelena National Forest5,578
Flagstaff Mountain #690Kootenai National Forest11,114
Freezeout MountainBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest97,305
Gallatin FringeGallatin National Forest51,571
Government Mountain #673Kootenai National Forest10,090
HolterHelena National Forest1,965
HoodooLolo National Forest105,162
Hyalite - Porcupine - Buffalo Horn Wilderness Study AreaGallatin National Forest143,991
LionheadGallatin National Forest33,549
MadisonGallatin National Forest127,859
Mcneeley #675Kootenai National Forest6,657
Meadow Creek - Upper North ForkLolo National Forest6,906
Middle Fork Judith WsaLewis and Clark National Forest81,131
Mt. Gmt Area HCuster National Forest1,335
North AbsarokaGallatin National Forest159,075
North AbsarokaCuster National Forest21,063
North Big HoleBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest52,227
Patricks Knob - North CutoffLolo National Forest16,970
QuiggLolo National Forest67,267
Reservation DivideLolo National Forest16,908
Scotchman Peaks (MT)Kootenai National Forest53,909
Selway - Bitterroot (01067)Bitterroot National Forest114,953
Silver KingBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest64,289
Silver KingLolo National Forest12,816
South Siegel - South CutoffLolo National Forest13,474
Standard Peak Ra 1129Flathead National Forest8,262
Tash PeakBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest61,312
Teepee - Spring CreekLolo National Forest13,902
Trout CreekKootenai National Forest30,851
West Big HoleBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest133,563
West PioneerBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest248,631
Nevada (6)
AreaForestAcres
Jobs Peak (NV)Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest1,342
Mystic (NV)Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest5,644
Rose - Davis Mdw.Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest2,361
Rose - EvansHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest4,782
Rose - North NotchHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest141
Rose - VerdiHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest1,155
New Hampshire (8)
AreaForestAcres
Carr MountainWhite Mountain National Forest17,110
Dartmouth RangeWhite Mountain National Forest9,233
Kinsman MountainWhite Mountain National Forest8,999
PemigewassetWhite Mountain National Forest32,255
Pemigewasset ExtWhite Mountain National Forest15,840
Presidential - Dry River ExtWhite Mountain National Forest10,555
Sandwich RangeWhite Mountain National Forest16,797
Wild RiverWhite Mountain National Forest46,878
New Mexico (8)
AreaForestAcres
Chama WS RiverSanta Fe National Forest4,168
Contiguous To Black & Aldo Leopold WildernessGila National Forest111,883
Contiguous To Gila Wilderness & Primitive AreaGila National Forest79,049
Gila BoxGila National Forest23,759
Latir PeakCarson National Forest3,573
Lower San FranciscoGila National Forest26,460
Meadow CreekGila National Forest34,167
Ryan HillCibola National Forest34,201
North Carolina (4)
AreaForestAcres
Bald MountainPisgah National Forest11,085
Balsam ConePisgah National Forest10,591
Harper CreekPisgah National Forest7,325
Slide HollowPisgah National Forest193
Oregon (47)
AreaForestAcres
BearwallowsDeschutes National Forest7,317
BuckhornWallowa-Whitman National Forest17,180
Bull Of The WoodsMt. Hood National Forest8,843
Calf - Copeland CreekUmpqua National Forest15,696
Cougar BluffUmpqua National Forest5,574
EagleMt. Hood National Forest16,841
ElkhornWillamette National Forest9,380
French Pete (a)Willamette National Forest1,668
Gordon MeadowsWillamette National Forest9,463
HellholeUmatilla National Forest65,679
HomesteadWallowa-Whitman National Forest5,817
Hurricane CreekWallowa-Whitman National Forest1,606
Imnaha FaceWallowa-Whitman National Forest29,575
LakeMt. Hood National Forest1,327
Lake ForkWallowa-Whitman National Forest21,936
LarchMt. Hood National Forest12,961
Limpy RockUmpqua National Forest6,782
Lord Flat Somers PointWallowa-Whitman National Forest67,738
Maiden PeakDeschutes National Forest26,432
Maiden PeakWillamette National Forest9,627
Mclennon MountainWillamette National Forest8,085
Menagerie (rooster Rock)Willamette National Forest374
Metolius BreaksDeschutes National Forest11,141
Moose LakeWillamette National Forest5,013
Mt. JeffersonDeschutes National Forest2,282
Mt. BaileyUmpqua National Forest18,401
Mt. Hood AdditionsMt. Hood National Forest13,061
Mt. ThielsenWinema National Forest1,153
North KalmiopsisSiskiyou National Forests91,560
North PaulinaDeschutes National Forest19,670
Opal CreekWillamette National Forest5,417
ReservoirWallowa-Whitman National Forest13,641
Salmon - HuckleberryMt. Hood National Forest17,570
Shasta CostaSiskiyou National Forests14,420
Sheep DivideWallowa-Whitman National Forest16,201
Sky Lakes AWinema National Forest3,940
Snake RiverWallowa-Whitman National Forest31,229
South KalmiopsisSiskiyou National Forests104,477
South PaulinaDeschutes National Forest9,074
TahkenitchSiuslaw National Forest5,799
TenmileSiuslaw National Forest10,818
W. BoundaryWinema National Forest2,345
Waldo - FujiWillamette National Forest15,273
Waldo - LakeWillamette National Forest2,993
West - South BachelorDeschutes National Forest25,994
Wind CreekMt. Hood National Forest5,438
WoahinkSiuslaw National Forest5,309
Pennsylvania (4)
AreaForestAcres
Allegheny FrontAllegheny National Forest7,430
Clarion RiverAllegheny National Forest3,821
CornplanterAllegheny National Forest2,929
Tracy RidgeAllegheny National Forest9,034
South Carolina (1)
AreaForestAcres
Big MountainSumter National Forest2,337
South Dakota (1)
AreaForestAcres
Indian CreekBuffalo Gap National Grassland24,666
Tennessee (1)
AreaForestAcres
Slide HollowCherokee National Forest4,057
Texas (1)
AreaForestAcres
Big CreekNational Forests in Texas1,447
Utah (21)
AreaForestAcres
0401001Ashley National Forest11,705
0401002Ashley National Forest36,113
0401023Ashley National Forest8,352
0401032Ashley National Forest6,471
0401037Ashley National Forest1,166
0419020Ashley National Forest355,684
418013Uinta National Forest14,643
Boulder MountainWasatch-Cache National Forest8,852
CottonwoodDixie National Forest6,754
Lewis PeakWasatch-Cache National Forest11,616
Little CreekFishlake National Forest11,479
Mahogany RangeWasatch-Cache National Forest11,409
Mt. AireWasatch-Cache National Forest9,681
Mt. Logan NorthWasatch-Cache National Forest18,930
Mt. Logan SouthWasatch-Cache National Forest17,014
Mt. Logan WestWasatch-Cache National Forest5,285
North FrancisWasatch-Cache National Forest8,148
Right Hand Fork LoganWasatch-Cache National Forest15,023
South FrancisWasatch-Cache National Forest3,374
Upper South ForkWasatch-Cache National Forest16,811
WellsvilleWasatch-Cache National Forest1,717
Vermont (1)
AreaForestAcres
Bread LoafGreen Mountain and Finger Lakes National Forests1,768
Virginia (13)
AreaForestAcres
Bear CreekJefferson National Forest18,274
Beards MountainGeorge Washington National Forest7,505
Beaver Dam CreekJefferson National Forest1,135
Garden MountainJefferson National Forest3,960
Gum RunGeorge Washington National Forest12,620
James River AdditionJefferson National Forest1,140
JerkemtightGeorge Washington National Forest16,687
Mountain Lake Addition B (VA)Jefferson National Forest3,405
New London Bridge BranchJefferson National Forest844
Northern MassanuttenGeorge Washington National Forest9,444
Oliver MountainGeorge Washington National Forest13,090
SkidmoreGeorge Washington National Forest5,641
The PriestGeorge Washington National Forest5,737
Washington (35)
AreaForestAcres
Alpine Lakes Adj.Wenatchee National Forest57,104
Big Lava BedGifford Pinchot National Forest19,043
Black CanyonOkanogan National Forest9,681
Blue SlideWenatchee National Forest17,505
Boulder RiverMt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest32,563
Canyon CreekWenatchee National Forest7,983
ChelanWenatchee National Forest74,650
EntiatWenatchee National Forest72,617
Glacier Peak KMt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest47,269
Glacier Peak LMt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest14,084
Goat Rocks AdjWenatchee National Forest6,108
Grassy TopIdaho Panhandle National Forests13,485
Grassy TopColville National Forest10,302
Higgins MountainMt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest13,185
Jefferson RidgeOlympic National Forest6,512
Jupiter RidgeOlympic National Forest10,148
LightningOlympic National Forest7,179
Mt. Baker MaMt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest24,847
Mt. Baker Noisy - DiobsudMt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest56,039
Mt. Baker NorthMt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest16,873
Mt. Baker WestMt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest25,390
Mt. BaldyOlympic National Forest3,557
Nason RidgeWenatchee National Forest19,329
Norse PeakWenatchee National Forest10,169
Packwood LakeGifford Pinchot National Forest1,084
Pasayten RimOkanogan National Forest17,074
Rock CreekWenatchee National Forest32,239
Salmo - Priest BColville National Forest11,869
SawtoothOkanogan National Forest122,194
South QuinaultOlympic National Forest11,081
Stormy Mtn.Wenatchee National Forest32,612
TaneumWenatchee National Forest26,140
Thorp Mtn.Wenatchee National Forest22,717
Twin LakesWenatchee National Forest22,496
Upper SkokomishOlympic National Forest9,311
West Virginia (11)
AreaForestAcres
Dolly Sods Roaring PlainMonongahela National Forest13,392
Dry ForkMonongahela National Forest657
Little MountainMonongahela National Forest8,172
Marlin MountainMonongahela National Forest9,344
Mcgowan MountainMonongahela National Forest10,504
Middle MountainMonongahela National Forest19,020
Mountain Lake Addition B (WV)Jefferson National Forest557
North Mountain HopevilleMonongahela National Forest6,525
Seneca CreekMonongahela National Forest22,287
Tea Creek MountainMonongahela National Forest8,295
Turkey MountainMonongahela National Forest6,421
Wyoming (26)
AreaForestAcres
Beartooth Proposed WildernessShoshone National Forest16,837
Grayback RidgeBridger-Teton National Forest295,113
Gros Ventre MountainsBridger-Teton National Forest106,418
Illinois CreekMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest6,711
Little Sheep MountainBridger-Teton National Forest14,192
Middle ForkMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest13,238
Middle ForkShoshone National Forest51,772
Mosquito Lake - Seven LakesBridger-Teton National Forest51,950
Munger MountainBridger-Teton National Forest12,827
Pacific Creek - Blackrock CreekBridger-Teton National Forest24,658
PalisadesTarghee National Forest1,121
Phillips RidgeBridger-Teton National Forest10,108
Platte River AdditionMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest7,962
Sheep MountainMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest17,626
Sleeping GiantShoshone National Forest5,176
Snowy RangeMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest29,660
South Beartooth HighwayShoshone National Forest105,570
Spread Creek - Gros Ventre RiverBridger-Teton National Forest166,097
Sulphur CreekShoshone National Forest30,221
Teton Corridor TrailheadsBridger-Teton National Forest286
Wapiti Valley NorthShoshone National Forest18,345
Wapiti Valley SouthShoshone National Forest43,517
West Slope TetonsTarghee National Forest47,448
West Slope WindsBridger-Teton National Forest143,252
Wilderness Study AreaTarghee National Forest51,961
Windy MountainShoshone National Forest31,283
References (17)
  1. American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1983. Check-list of North American Birds, 6th edition. Allen Press, Inc., Lawrence, Kansas. 877 pp.
  2. American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1998. Check-list of North American birds. Seventh edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. [as modified by subsequent supplements and corrections published in <i>The Auk</i>]. Also available online: http://www.aou.org/.
  3. Bellrose, F. C. 1980. Ducks, geese and swans of North America. 3rd edition. Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. 540 pp.
  4. BirdLife International. 2004b. Threatened birds of the world 2004. CD ROM. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK.
  5. Brown, B. T. 1990. Nesting common mergansers in Chihuahua, Mexico. Southwest Nat. 35:88-89.
  6. Eadie, J. M., L.-P. L. Savard, and M. L. Mallory. 2000 Barrow's Goldeneye (BUCEPHALA ISLANDICA). No. 548 IN A. Poole and F. Gill, editors, The birds of North America. The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA. 32pp.
  7. Grand, J.B., and P.L. Flint. 1997. Productivity of nesting Spectacled Eiders on the lower Kashunuk River, Alaska. Condor 100:926-932.
  8. Howell, S. N. G., and S. Webb. 1995. A guide to the birds of Mexico and northern Central America. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
  9. Palmer, R. S., editor. 1976. Handbook of North American birds. Vol. 3. Waterfowl (concluded). Eiders, wood ducks,diving ducks, mergansers, stifftails. Yale Univ. Press, New Haven. 560 pp.
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