Pandion haliaetus

(Linnaeus, 1758)

Osprey

G5Secure Found in 336 roadless areas NatureServe Explorer →
G5SecureGlobal Rank
Least concernIUCN
Identity
Unique IDELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.105808
Element CodeABNKC01010
Record TypeSPECIES
ClassificationSpecies
Classification StatusStandard
Name CategoryVertebrate Animal
IUCNLeast concern
CITESAppendix II
Endemicoccurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations
KingdomAnimalia
PhylumCraniata
ClassAves
OrderAccipitriformes
FamilyPandionidae
GenusPandion
Other Common Names
Águia-Pesqueira (PT) Balbuzard pêcheur (FR) Gavilán Pescador, Águila Pescadora (ES) osprey (EN)
Concept Reference
American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1998. Check-list of North American birds. Seventh edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. [as modified by subsequent supplements and corrections published in The Auk]. Also available online: http://www.aou.org/.
Taxonomic Comments
Previously considered a subfamily of the Accipitridae (AOU 1998), the Osprey is returned to family status because of its genetic and morphological distinctiveness (AOU 2010 and references cited therein).
Conservation Status
Rank MethodExpertise without calculation
Review Date2016-04-09
Change Date1996-11-22
Edition Date2010-01-29
Edition AuthorsHammerson, G.
Range Extent>2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)
Number of Occurrences81 to >300
Rank Reasons
Very large range; increasing population trend in many areas where formerly depleted by effects of pesticides; benefiting from active management in many areas; pesticide-related problems still exist in some areas.
Range Extent Comments
Ospreys breed throughout much of the world (not in South America). In the New World, they nest from northwestern Alaska across boreal Canada to Labrador and Newfoundland, and south to Baja California, northwestern mainland Mexico, Yucatan Peninsula, Belize, U.S. Gulf Coast, Florida, and the West Indies. During the northern winter, ospreys in the New World range from California, the U.S. Gulf Coast, and Bermuda south through Central America to South America. In the U.S., primary wintering areas include central California, southern Texas, the Gulf coast, and southern Florida, though the winter range also includes other areas in the southern and southeastern U.S. and various inland sites (Root 1988). The species is also widespread in the Old World (AOU 1998).
Threat Impact Comments
Now recovering in many areas following severe declines resulting from organochlorine biocide use. A primary threat is the continued use of organochlorines in Central and South America (Henny and Anthony 1989, Evans 1982). Also, organochlorines and other contaminants still are contributing to eggshell thinning and low hatching success in populations nesting around Delaware Bay (Steidl et al. 1991). Other human-related causes of death in the eastern United States include included gunshots, steel traps, impact with or electrocution by high-tension wires, and being caught or drowned in nets (Wiemeyer et al. 1980, cited in Henny and Anthony 1989).
Ecology & Habitat

Description

Ospreys have long narrow wings, dark brown upperparts, white underparts, a white head with a prominent dark eye streak, and dark wrist patches (visible in flight) on the underside of the wings. Immatures have pale buff edging on the dark feathers of the upper surface. Females are more likely than males to have a necklace of dark streaking. Average length 56-64 cm, wingspan 147-183 cm.

Diagnostic Characteristics

Differs from other hawks in having all of the following characteristics: white belly, dark wrist patches, and a white head with a prominent dark eye streak. Other hawks do not habitually plunge feet-first into water to obtain prey.

Habitat

Ospreys occur primarily along rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and seacoasts. They often cross land between bodies of water. They typically build large stick nests on living or dead trees and also use numerous man-made structures such as utility poles, wharf pilings, windmills, microwave towers, chimneys, and channel markers (Henny, in Palmer 1988, Campbell et al. 1990). Nests are usually near or above water.

Ecology

Raccoons can be a major source of nesting failure in some areas.

Reproduction

Nesting phenology varies throughout the range. For example, in Florida, eggs are laid from late November to early March, with a peak from December to mid-January. In the Chesapeake Bay region, ospreys first arrive at nests early to mid-March, lay eggs from late March to mid-May, with a peak in April. In southern New England, ospreys arrive beginning in mid- to late March, and eggs are laid between early April to early June, with a peak in mid- to late April. In east-central Labrador, ospreys arrive around early May, and eggs are laid from mid-May to mid-June.In southeastern British Columbia, ospreys arrive in mid- to late April, with egg laying from early May (peak) to late May.

Clutch size is 1-4 (most often 3). Incubation, usually mainly by the female (male provides food), lasts 5-6 weeks. Young fledge in around 50-60 days and thereafter are dependent on their parents for up to several additional weeks. Individuals first breed usually at 3 years, sometimes at 4-5 years.

Delays in clutch initiation, such as caused when Canada geese occupy nest sites, may cause a reduction in reproductive output (Steeger and Ydenberg, 1993, Can. J. Zool. 71:2141-2146). Number of young fledged increases with increased abundance of food resources. Large numbers may nest in a relatively small area when food resources are adequate and nesting sites are plentiful.
Terrestrial Habitats
Cliff
Palustrine Habitats
FORESTED WETLANDRiparian
Other Nations (2)
CanadaN5B
ProvinceRankNative
Prince Edward IslandS5BYes
LabradorS4B,SUMYes
British ColumbiaS5BYes
Island of NewfoundlandS4B,SUMYes
QuebecS4BYes
Yukon TerritoryS2BYes
Nova ScotiaS4B,S5MYes
ManitobaS4BYes
New BrunswickS4B,S5MYes
OntarioS5BYes
AlbertaS4BYes
Northwest TerritoriesS4Yes
SaskatchewanS3BYes
NunavutSUBYes
United StatesN5B,N4N
ProvinceRankNative
Navajo NationS3NYes
IndianaS3BYes
ArkansasS1B,S4NYes
MaineS5BYes
DelawareS3BYes
WyomingS3BYes
South DakotaS3BYes
West VirginiaS2BYes
MissouriS2Yes
MississippiS3Yes
South CarolinaS4Yes
NevadaS4Yes
New MexicoS2B,S4NYes
AlabamaS4Yes
OhioS3BYes
North CarolinaS4BYes
ConnecticutS4BYes
OregonS4Yes
IdahoS5BYes
ColoradoS3BYes
AlaskaS3BYes
OklahomaS2NYes
IllinoisS3Yes
TennesseeS3BYes
LouisianaS3Yes
NebraskaSNRNYes
UtahS4BYes
MontanaS5BYes
MassachusettsS4B,S5MYes
VirginiaS4Yes
MarylandS4BYes
KentuckyS3BYes
TexasS4Yes
New HampshireS3BYes
WisconsinS4BYes
GeorgiaS3Yes
New YorkS4BYes
IowaS3NYes
District of ColumbiaS2NYes
CaliforniaS4Yes
New JerseyS4B,S4NYes
FloridaS3Yes
VermontS3BYes
MinnesotaS4BYes
WashingtonS4BYes
ArizonaS2B,S4NYes
MichiganS4Yes
KansasS3NYes
HawaiiSNAYes
North DakotaSUYes
PennsylvaniaS3B,S3MYes
Rhode IslandS2B,S2NYes
Roadless Areas (336)
Alaska (2)
AreaForestAcres
HyderTongass National Forest121,723
North KruzofTongass National Forest33,146
Arizona (6)
AreaForestAcres
Barbershop CanyonCoconino National Forest1,311
Black River CanyonApache-Sitgreaves National Forests11,817
BoulderTonto National Forest40,359
Lower San FranciscoApache-Sitgreaves National Forests59,310
MazatzalTonto National Forest16,942
TumacacoriCoronado National Forest44,594
California (80)
AreaForestAcres
AgnewSequoia National Forest9,561
BackboneShasta-Trinity National Forest11,466
Bell MeadowStanislaus National Forest7,968
Bonanza KingShasta-Trinity National Forest16,402
Bucks LakePlumas National Forest680
CajonSan Bernardino National Forest7,548
CamuesaLos Padres National Forest8,209
Caples CreekEldorado National Forest17,854
Carson - IcebergStanislaus National Forest56,430
ChannellSequoia National Forest45,429
ChicoSequoia National Forest39,836
Chips CreekLassen National Forest29,089
Chips CreekPlumas National Forest12,940
City CreekSan Bernardino National Forest9,997
Crane Mtn.Modoc National Forest1,269
Cutca ValleyCleveland National Forest14,530
CypressLassen National Forest3,380
Deep CreekSan Bernardino National Forest23,869
Devil's Gate (CA)Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest9,946
Dexter CanyonInyo National Forest17,053
Dinkey LakesSierra National Forest34,171
DomeStanislaus National Forest11,085
Duncan CanyonTahoe National Forest8,621
EagleStanislaus National Forest16,116
East GirardShasta-Trinity National Forest27,894
East YubaTahoe National Forest17,968
Glass MountainInyo National Forest52,867
Granite ChiefTahoe National Forest6,546
Greenhorn CreekSequoia National Forest28,226
Grouse LakesTahoe National Forest19,085
Hall Natural AreaInyo National Forest5,236
Hixon FlatSan Bernardino National Forest8,095
Hoover - Mt.olsenHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest624
Hoover - NorthHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest1,574
Hoover - Virginia LksHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest5,050
Horse Creek RidgeSan Bernardino National Forest8,969
Horse Mdw.Inyo National Forest5,687
HortonInyo National Forest5,717
Iceberg - Mill CreekHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest26,988
Kings RiverSierra National Forest52,999
Lakes BasinTahoe National Forest557
Log Cabin SaddlebagInyo National Forest15,165
Malduce BuckhornLos Padres National Forest14,177
Middle ForkPlumas National Forest29,278
Middle YubaTahoe National Forest7,379
Mill PeakSan Bernardino National Forest7,884
Mt. JacksonHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest20,721
Mt. BidwellModoc National Forest11,687
Mt. EddyShasta-Trinity National Forest7,232
Mt. HoffmanModoc National Forest9,780
Mt. OlsenInyo National Forest2,161
Mt. VidaModoc National Forest7,771
NightStanislaus National Forest3,173
North Fork American RiverTahoe National Forest38,495
Orleans Mtn.Klamath National Forest49,090
Orleans Mtn. BSix Rivers National Forest17,183
Orleans Mtn. CSix Rivers National Forest15,589
ParsnipModoc National Forest8,485
Poison HoleEldorado National Forest2,627
PortugueseKlamath National Forest18,915
PyramidEldorado National Forest24,347
Raymond PeakStanislaus National Forest3,646
Raymond PeakEldorado National Forest2,518
Robinson PeakHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest5,835
Rouse HillSan Bernardino National Forest13,745
Salt SpringsEldorado National Forest133
SherwinInyo National Forest3,140
Ship MountainSix Rivers National Forest11,936
SiskiyouKlamath National Forest54,039
SoldierModoc National Forest10,102
South ForkShasta-Trinity National Forest16,786
TequepisLos Padres National Forest9,080
Timbered CraterLassen National Forest4,096
TinemahaInyo National Forest27,060
Tioga LakeInyo National Forest829
Tragedy - Elephants BackEldorado National Forest20,866
Trail LakeLassen National Forest1,124
WaterhouseStanislaus National Forest4,394
West GirardShasta-Trinity National Forest37,516
WoolstaffSequoia National Forest41,445
Colorado (10)
AreaForestAcres
Bristol HeadRio Grande NF46,087
Comanche Peak Adjacent AreaArapaho & Roosevelt NFs44,158
Dome PeakRoutt NF35,716
HermosaSan Juan NF148,103
Long ParkRoutt NF42,100
Pole Mountain / Finger MesaRio Grande NF43,863
Red TableWhite River NF39,122
San MiguelSan Juan NF64,263
Storm PeakSan Juan NF57,617
Troublesome SouthRoutt NF47,359
Florida (1)
AreaForestAcres
Alexander Springs CreekOcala National Forest2,954
Idaho (9)
AreaForestAcres
Bear CreekCaribou-Targhee National Forest118,582
Borah PeakSalmon-Challis National Forest130,463
HoodooNez Perce-Clearwater National Forest153,868
Italian PeakCaribou-Targhee National Forest141,158
Lemhi RangeSalmon-Challis National Forest308,533
NeedlesPayette National Forest131,279
PalisadesCaribou-Targhee National Forest122,002
Peace RockBoise National Forest191,734
SeceshPayette National Forest248,088
Minnesota (1)
AreaForestAcres
Baker - Homer - Brule LakesSuperior National Forest6,712
Missouri (1)
AreaForestAcres
Irish Rare II Study AreaMark Twain National Forest1,226
Montana (38)
AreaForestAcres
Alexander Creek #696Kootenai National Forest6,719
Bear - Marshall - Scapegoat - SwanLolo National Forest118,485
Bear - Marshall - Scapegoat - SwanLewis and Clark National Forest344,022
Big LogHelena National Forest8,954
Bmss Ra 1485Flathead National Forest334,275
BridgerGallatin National Forest45,059
Buckhorn Ridge (MT)Kootenai National Forest34,716
Cabin Creek Wildlife Management Area OcdGallatin National Forest35,048
Cabinet Face East #671Kootenai National Forest50,326
CataractLolo National Forest9,442
Cattle GulchBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest19,390
Cube Iron - SilcoxLolo National Forest36,998
East PioneerBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest145,082
Flagstaff Mountain #690Kootenai National Forest11,114
Freezeout MountainBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest97,305
Gallatin FringeGallatin National Forest51,571
HolterHelena National Forest1,965
HoodooLolo National Forest105,162
Hyalite - Porcupine - Buffalo Horn Wilderness Study AreaGallatin National Forest143,991
LionheadGallatin National Forest33,549
MadisonGallatin National Forest127,859
Marble PointLolo National Forest12,581
Marston Face # 172Kootenai National Forest9,098
Middle Fork Judith WsaLewis and Clark National Forest81,131
Mt. Gmt Area HCuster National Forest1,335
North AbsarokaCuster National Forest21,063
North AbsarokaGallatin National Forest159,075
North Big HoleBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest52,227
QuiggLolo National Forest67,267
Red Lodge Creek HellroaringCuster National Forest17,210
Roderick #684Kootenai National Forest29,677
Saddle Mountain #168Kootenai National Forest14,675
Selway - Bitterroot (01067)Bitterroot National Forest114,953
Sheep Mountain - StatelineLolo National Forest37,844
Silver KingBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest64,289
Silver KingLolo National Forest12,816
West Big HoleBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest133,563
West PioneerBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest248,631
Nevada (9)
AreaForestAcres
Cave CreekHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest6,145
Duck Creek Mtns.Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest12,165
Pearl PeakHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest71,405
Rose - Davis Mdw.Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest2,361
Rose - GalenaHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest3,711
Rose - Whites CanyonHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest2,568
Ruby - Lamoille CynHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest32,771
ShellbackHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest36,455
South SchellHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest125,614
New Hampshire (4)
AreaForestAcres
Carr MountainWhite Mountain National Forest17,110
PemigewassetWhite Mountain National Forest32,255
Presidential - Dry River ExtWhite Mountain National Forest10,555
Wild RiverWhite Mountain National Forest46,878
New Mexico (13)
AreaForestAcres
Arroyo de los FrijolesSanta Fe National Forest5,277
Bull CanyonCarson National Forest11,512
Chama WS RiverSanta Fe National Forest4,168
Contiguous To Black & Aldo Leopold WildernessGila National Forest111,883
Contiguous To Gila Wilderness & Primitive AreaGila National Forest79,049
Cruces BasinCarson National Forest5,244
Gila BoxGila National Forest23,759
Grass MountainSanta Fe National Forest3,254
Holy GhostSanta Fe National Forest2,352
Meadow CreekGila National Forest34,167
Nichols ReservoirSanta Fe National Forest1,518
Pecos WS RiverSanta Fe National Forest5,396
Willow CreekSanta Fe National Forest1,477
North Carolina (2)
AreaForestAcres
BearwallowPisgah National Forest4,113
Jarrett CreekPisgah National Forest7,485
Oregon (41)
AreaForestAcres
Badger CreekMt. Hood National Forest847
BearwallowsDeschutes National Forest7,317
Bend WatershedDeschutes National Forest14,829
Boulder ParkWallowa-Whitman National Forest12,141
BuckhornWallowa-Whitman National Forest17,180
Crane MountainFremont National Forest23,096
EagleMt. Hood National Forest16,841
Gordon MeadowsWillamette National Forest9,463
Hardesty MountainWillamette National Forest3,754
HellholeUmatilla National Forest65,679
HomesteadWallowa-Whitman National Forest5,817
HuckleberryWallowa-Whitman National Forest11,238
Hurricane CreekWallowa-Whitman National Forest1,606
Imnaha FaceWallowa-Whitman National Forest29,575
Jaussaud CorralUmatilla National Forest5,535
LakeMt. Hood National Forest1,327
LarchMt. Hood National Forest12,961
Maiden PeakDeschutes National Forest26,432
Maiden PeakWillamette National Forest9,627
MarshWinema National Forest1,226
Mt. JeffersonDeschutes National Forest2,282
Mt. BaileyUmpqua National Forest18,401
Mt. Hood AdditionsMt. Hood National Forest13,061
North KalmiopsisSiskiyou National Forests91,560
North PaulinaDeschutes National Forest19,670
Roaring RiverMt. Hood National Forest27,316
Salmon - HuckleberryMt. Hood National Forest17,570
Shasta CostaSiskiyou National Forests14,420
Sheep DivideWallowa-Whitman National Forest16,201
Sky Lakes AWinema National Forest3,940
Snake RiverWallowa-Whitman National Forest31,229
South PaulinaDeschutes National Forest9,074
TahkenitchSiuslaw National Forest5,799
TenmileSiuslaw National Forest10,818
Twin LakesMt. Hood National Forest6,055
Twin MountainWallowa-Whitman National Forest58,533
Umpqua SpitSiuslaw National Forest2,090
W. BoundaryWinema National Forest2,345
Walla Walla RiverUmatilla National Forest34,416
West - South BachelorDeschutes National Forest25,994
WoahinkSiuslaw National Forest5,309
Pennsylvania (1)
AreaForestAcres
Tracy RidgeAllegheny National Forest9,034
South Dakota (1)
AreaForestAcres
Indian CreekBuffalo Gap National Grassland24,666
Tennessee (2)
AreaForestAcres
Devil's BackboneCherokee National Forest4,287
Flint Mill GapCherokee National Forest9,494
Texas (2)
AreaForestAcres
Big CreekNational Forests in Texas1,447
Little Lake CreekNational Forests in Texas596
Utah (43)
AreaForestAcres
0401001Ashley National Forest11,705
0401002Ashley National Forest36,113
0401004Ashley National Forest10,510
0401023Ashley National Forest8,352
0401024Ashley National Forest12,882
0401025Ashley National Forest1,471
0401030Ashley National Forest531
0401031Ashley National Forest7,110
0401032Ashley National Forest6,471
0401037Ashley National Forest1,166
0419020Ashley National Forest355,684
418002Uinta National Forest19,152
418003Uinta National Forest10,912
418004Uinta National Forest16,661
418024Uinta National Forest51,699
418025Uinta National Forest32,698
418029Uinta National Forest15,673
418040Uinta National Forest1,702
Beehive PeakFishlake National Forest59,137
Boulder Mtn. / Boulder Top / Deer LakeDixie National Forest110,690
Bunker CreekDixie National Forest7,474
CottonwoodDixie National Forest6,754
FishhookDixie National Forest12,959
Fishlake MountainFishlake National Forest25,217
High Uintas (UT)Wasatch-Cache National Forest102,398
LakesWasatch-Cache National Forest121,967
Lava BedsDixie National Forest14,944
Lookout PeakFishlake National Forest9,195
Moody WashDixie National Forest31,835
Mt. AireWasatch-Cache National Forest9,681
Mt. Logan NorthWasatch-Cache National Forest18,930
Mt. Logan SouthWasatch-Cache National Forest17,014
Mt. OlympusWasatch-Cache National Forest9,982
Pine Valley MountainsDixie National Forest57,673
Rock CanyonDixie National Forest16,457
Solomon BasinFishlake National Forest19,963
South FrancisWasatch-Cache National Forest3,374
Stump CreekCaribou National Forest355
Thousand Lake MountainFishlake National Forest27,267
Twin PeaksWasatch-Cache National Forest6,157
Upper South ForkWasatch-Cache National Forest16,811
WellsvilleWasatch-Cache National Forest1,717
Widdop MountainWasatch-Cache National Forest8,011
Vermont (1)
AreaForestAcres
Griffith Lake 09084Green Mountain and Finger Lakes National Forests1,833
Virginia (8)
AreaForestAcres
Bear CreekJefferson National Forest18,274
Brush Mountain EastJefferson National Forest4,916
Mill MountainGeorge Washington National Forest10,840
New London Bridge BranchJefferson National Forest844
Northern MassanuttenGeorge Washington National Forest9,444
Oak KnobGeorge Washington National Forest10,882
Seng MountainJefferson National Forest6,428
Southern MassanuttenGeorge Washington National Forest11,985
Washington (22)
AreaForestAcres
Abercrombie - HooknoseColville National Forest33,862
Alpine Lakes Adj.Wenatchee National Forest57,104
Bear CreekGifford Pinchot National Forest7,980
Big Lava BedGifford Pinchot National Forest19,043
Blue SlideWenatchee National Forest17,505
EntiatWenatchee National Forest72,617
Glacier Peak BMt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest19,328
Goat Rocks AdjWenatchee National Forest6,108
Jefferson RidgeOlympic National Forest6,512
Jupiter RidgeOlympic National Forest10,148
LightningOlympic National Forest7,179
ManastashWenatchee National Forest11,155
Mt. Baker Noisy - DiobsudMt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest56,039
Nason RidgeWenatchee National Forest19,329
QuilceneOlympic National Forest18,656
Rock CreekWenatchee National Forest32,239
SawtoothOkanogan National Forest122,194
Slide RidgeWenatchee National Forest11,430
South QuinaultOlympic National Forest11,081
TaneumWenatchee National Forest26,140
TeanawayWenatchee National Forest72,849
Thorp Mtn.Wenatchee National Forest22,717
West Virginia (6)
AreaForestAcres
Little MountainMonongahela National Forest8,172
Marlin MountainMonongahela National Forest9,344
Mcgowan MountainMonongahela National Forest10,504
Middle MountainMonongahela National Forest19,020
Seneca CreekMonongahela National Forest22,287
Tea Creek MountainMonongahela National Forest8,295
Wyoming (33)
AreaForestAcres
0401019Ashley National Forest6,202
0401021Ashley National Forest5,152
0401036Ashley National Forest6,309
Beartooth Proposed WildernessShoshone National Forest16,837
Buffalo PeakMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest17,560
Cloud Peak ContiguousBighorn National Forest113,757
French CreekMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest5,928
Gannett Hills - Spring CreekBridger-Teton National Forest45,462
Grayback RidgeBridger-Teton National Forest295,113
Grommund CreekBighorn National Forest12,089
Gros Ventre MountainsBridger-Teton National Forest106,418
Libby FlatsMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest11,107
Little Sheep MountainBridger-Teton National Forest14,192
Middle ForkMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest13,238
Middle ForkShoshone National Forest51,772
Mosquito Lake - Seven LakesBridger-Teton National Forest51,950
Munger MountainBridger-Teton National Forest12,827
Pacific Creek - Blackrock CreekBridger-Teton National Forest24,658
PalisadesTarghee National Forest1,121
Phillips RidgeBridger-Teton National Forest10,108
Salt River RangeBridger-Teton National Forest235,661
Sheep MountainMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest17,626
Sleeping GiantShoshone National Forest5,176
Snowy RangeMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest29,660
South Beartooth HighwayShoshone National Forest105,570
Spread Creek - Gros Ventre RiverBridger-Teton National Forest166,097
Teton Corridor TrailheadsBridger-Teton National Forest286
Togwotee PassShoshone National Forest7,344
Wapiti Valley NorthShoshone National Forest18,345
Wapiti Valley SouthShoshone National Forest43,517
West Slope TetonsTarghee National Forest47,448
West Slope WindsBridger-Teton National Forest143,252
Wilderness Study AreaTarghee National Forest51,961
References (59)
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  11. Dennis, R. 1991. Ospreys. Colin Baxter Photography. 48 pp.
  12. Ehrlich, P. R., D. S. Dobkin, and D. Wheye. 1992. Birds in Jeopardy: the Imperiled and Extinct Birds of the United States and Canada, Including Hawaii and Puerto Rico. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California. 259 pp.
  13. Evans, D. L. 1982. Status reports on twelve raptors. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report No. 238. 68 pp.
  14. Ewins, P. J. 1995. Recovery of osprey populations in Canada. Bird Trends (Canadian Wildlife Service) (4):14-16.
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