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Dendragapus obscurus

(Say, 1822)

Dusky Grouse

G5Secure Found in 318 roadless areas NatureServe Explorer →
G5SecureGlobal Rank
Least concernIUCN
Identity
Unique IDELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.795273
Element CodeABNLC09020
Record TypeSPECIES
ClassificationSpecies
Classification StatusStandard
Name CategoryVertebrate Animal
IUCNLeast concern
Endemicoccurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations
KingdomAnimalia
PhylumCraniata
ClassAves
OrderGalliformes
FamilyPhasianidae
GenusDendragapus
Other Common Names
Blue Grouse (EN) dusky grouse (EN) Tétras sombre (FR)
Concept Reference
American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 2006. Forty-seventh supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American Birds. The Auk 123(3):1926-936.
Taxonomic Comments
Previously included D. fuliginosus and called Blue Grouse, but now separated on the basis of genetic evidence (Barrowclough et al. 2004) and differences in voice (hooting), behavior, and plumage (Brooks 1929). Barrowclough et al. (2004) also found a lesser genetic difference between northern and southern populations of D. obscurus that does not correspond to currently recognized subspecific boundaries.
Conservation Status
Rank MethodExpertise without calculation
Review Date2016-04-07
Change Date1996-11-25
Edition Date2007-06-27
Range Extent Comments
RESIDENT: southern Yukon and extreme southwestern MacKenzie south through the mountains of interior British Columbia (excepy coast, southwestern, and south-central areas), southwestern Alberta, eastern Washington, and the Rocky Mountains to eastern Nevada, northern and eastern Arizona, (south to White Mountains), southwestern and north-central New Mexico, western and central Colorado, and (formerly) western South Dakota (AOU 1998, 2006).
Ecology & Habitat

Habitat

Coniferous forest, especially fir, mostly in open situations with a mixture of deciduous trees and shrubs (AOU 1983). Spends winter, usually at higher elevations than summer habitat, in conifer forest of various categories of age and tree density; roosts in large conifers with dense foliage (e.g., Douglas-fir during day, subalpine fir at night, northeastern Utah, Pekins et al. 1991). Nests in montane (mixed or deciduous) forest, also in shrubland in some areas (e.g., southeastern Idaho). Nests on ground under cover of brush, branches, or other vegetation.

Ecology

Primarily a solitary montane species. Courting males establish a territory. In Colorado, apparently sedentary on winter range (average distance between locations 94-312 m, median 135 m, for 11 radio-marked adults) (Cade and Hoffman 1993).

Reproduction

Breeding begins mid-April in south to late May in north. Female incubates 7-10, sometimes up to 16, eggs for 26 days. Nestlings precocial. Young tended by female. Yearling males often do not breed. May renest if nest destroyed.
Terrestrial Habitats
Forest - HardwoodForest - ConiferForest - MixedWoodland - HardwoodWoodland - ConiferWoodland - MixedShrubland/chaparralGrassland/herbaceousAlpine
Other Nations (2)
United StatesN5
ProvinceRankNative
MontanaS4Yes
NevadaS3Yes
ColoradoS5Yes
WashingtonS4Yes
OregonS3Yes
New MexicoS3B,S3NYes
South DakotaSXYes
Navajo NationS1Yes
UtahS4Yes
WyomingS5Yes
IdahoS5Yes
ArizonaS3Yes
CanadaN4
ProvinceRankNative
AlbertaS4Yes
Northwest TerritoriesSUYes
British ColumbiaS4Yes
Yukon TerritoryS4Yes
Roadless Areas (318)
Colorado (11)
AreaForestAcres
Bristol HeadRio Grande NF46,087
Comanche Peak Adjacent AreaArapaho & Roosevelt NFs44,158
Dome PeakRoutt NF35,716
HermosaSan Juan NF148,103
Long ParkRoutt NF42,100
Pagoda PeakRoutt NF57,676
Pole Mountain / Finger MesaRio Grande NF43,863
Red TableWhite River NF39,122
San MiguelSan Juan NF64,263
Storm PeakSan Juan NF57,617
Troublesome SouthRoutt NF47,359
Idaho (12)
AreaForestAcres
Bighorn - WeitasNez Perce-Clearwater National Forest254,845
Borah PeakSalmon-Challis National Forest130,463
Boulder - White CloudsSawtooth National Forest322,653
Boulder - White CloudsSalmon-Challis National Forest139,297
HoodooNez Perce-Clearwater National Forest153,868
Italian PeakCaribou-Targhee National Forest141,158
Lemhi RangeSalmon-Challis National Forest308,533
NeedlesPayette National Forest131,279
PalisadesCaribou-Targhee National Forest122,002
Pioneer MountainsSalmon-Challis National Forest172,460
Pioneer MountainsSawtooth National Forest119,563
SeceshPayette National Forest248,088
Montana (65)
AreaForestAcres
Alexander Creek #696Kootenai National Forest6,719
Allan Mountain (01946)Bitterroot National Forest104,184
Anaconda HillHelena National Forest18,546
Anderson MountainBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest31,501
Bear - Marshall - Scapegoat - SwanLewis and Clark National Forest344,022
Bear - Marshall - Scapegoat - SwanHelena National Forest51,360
Bear - Marshall - Scapegoat - SwanLolo National Forest118,485
Big BaldyLewis and Clark National Forest43,135
Big Snowy Mountains WsaLewis and Clark National Forest88,003
Blue Joint (mwsa) (01941)Bitterroot National Forest64,764
Bmss Ra 1485Flathead National Forest334,275
BridgerGallatin National Forest45,059
Buckhorn Ridge (MT)Kootenai National Forest34,716
BurdetteLolo National Forest16,018
Cabin Creek Wildlife Management Area OcdGallatin National Forest35,048
Cabinet Face East #671Kootenai National Forest50,326
Crazy MountainGallatin National Forest82,093
Cube Iron - SilcoxLolo National Forest36,998
East PioneerBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest145,082
Electric PeakBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest17,997
Electric PeakHelena National Forest27,872
Fishtail SaddlebackCuster National Forest16,359
FleecerBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest31,585
Fred BurrBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest5,814
Freezeout MountainBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest97,305
Gallatin FringeGallatin National Forest51,571
Government Mountain #673Kootenai National Forest10,090
Granulated MountainBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest14,950
HoodooLolo National Forest105,162
Hyalite - Porcupine - Buffalo Horn Wilderness Study AreaGallatin National Forest143,991
Italian PeakBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest90,401
Lazyman GulchHelena National Forest11,614
Line Creek PlateauCuster National Forest24,825
LionheadGallatin National Forest33,549
Lolo CreekBitterroot National Forest581
Lolo CreekLolo National Forest14,335
Lost Water CanyonCuster National Forest9,251
MadisonGallatin National Forest127,859
Middle Fork Judith WsaLewis and Clark National Forest81,131
Middle Mtn. / Tobacco RootsBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest96,487
Mt. Gmt Area HCuster National Forest1,335
North AbsarokaCuster National Forest21,063
North AbsarokaGallatin National Forest159,075
Pilgrim CreekLewis and Clark National Forest44,608
QuiggLolo National Forest67,267
Red Lodge Creek HellroaringCuster National Forest17,210
Reservation DivideLolo National Forest16,908
SapphireBitterroot National Forest43,303
Scotchman Peaks (MT)Kootenai National Forest53,909
Selway - Bitterroot (01067)Bitterroot National Forest114,953
Sheep Mountain - StatelineLolo National Forest37,844
Silver KingBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest64,289
Silver King - Falls CreekHelena National Forest6,811
Snowcrest MountainBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest97,649
Specimen CreekHelena National Forest12,368
Standard Peak Ra 1129Flathead National Forest8,262
Stony MountainBitterroot National Forest44,057
Storm LakeBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest9,324
Sundance RidgeLolo National Forest7,558
Tash PeakBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest61,312
Ten Lakes #683Kootenai National Forest48,545
Tenderfoot - Deep CreekLewis and Clark National Forest85,614
Thompson Seton RA 1483Flathead National Forest52,235
West Big HoleBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest133,563
West PioneerBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest248,631
Nevada (26)
AreaForestAcres
Bald Mtn.Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest41,598
Blade CreekHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest6,331
Bunker HillHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest27,569
Copper Mtns.Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest31,945
Duck Creek Mtns.Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest12,165
Humboldt - Angel LkHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest1,008
Humboldt - WinchellHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest1,272
Jarbidge - West ForkHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest2,725
Moriah - Silver CreekHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest1,582
North SchellHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest30,773
Pearl PeakHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest71,405
RattlesnakeHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest19,672
Ruby - Horse Mtn.Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest613
Ruby - Lamoille CynHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest32,771
Ruby - MarshHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest10,164
Snake - Big WashHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest4,146
Snake - ChokecherryHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest30,845
Snake - MurphyHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest27,064
Snake - Peacock CynHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest1,069
Snake - Pole CynHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest766
South SchellHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest125,614
Table Mtn. - EastHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest87,789
Toiyabe RangeHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest99,225
Ward MountainHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest15,927
West SchellHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest21,656
West Silver CreekHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest5,028
New Mexico (23)
AreaForestAcres
Bear MountainSanta Fe National Forest1,387
Black CanyonSanta Fe National Forest1,922
Bull - Of - The - WoodsCarson National Forest488
Canada Bonito RNASanta Fe National Forest487
Columbine - Hondo Wilderness Study AreaCarson National Forest43,739
Comales CanyonCarson National Forest4,389
Cruces BasinCarson National Forest5,244
Devils CreekGila National Forest89,916
FallsSanta Fe National Forest2,477
GallinasSanta Fe National Forest13,208
Grass MountainSanta Fe National Forest3,254
Guaje CanyonSanta Fe National Forest6,104
Holy GhostSanta Fe National Forest2,352
Jacks CreekSanta Fe National Forest740
Latir PeakCarson National Forest3,573
PecosCarson National Forest13,436
Pecos WS RiverSanta Fe National Forest5,396
Polvadera PeakSanta Fe National Forest6,291
San Pedro ParksSanta Fe National Forest5,824
Tesuque CreekSanta Fe National Forest810
Thompson PeakSanta Fe National Forest33,001
Wheeler Peak WildernessCarson National Forest2,677
Willow CreekSanta Fe National Forest1,477
Oregon (23)
AreaForestAcres
Beaver CreekWallowa-Whitman National Forest12,973
Boulder ParkWallowa-Whitman National Forest12,141
HellholeUmatilla National Forest65,679
HomesteadWallowa-Whitman National Forest5,817
Hurricane CreekWallowa-Whitman National Forest1,606
Imnaha FaceWallowa-Whitman National Forest29,575
Lake ForkWallowa-Whitman National Forest21,936
Little Eagle MeadowsWallowa-Whitman National Forest6,984
Little SheepWallowa-Whitman National Forest5,238
LookingglassUmatilla National Forest4,859
Lookout MountainOchoco National Forest14,115
Lord Flat Somers PointWallowa-Whitman National Forest67,738
Malheur RiverMalheur National Forest7,283
Mill Creek Watershed (OR)Umatilla National Forest7,820
ReservoirWallowa-Whitman National Forest13,641
Sheep DivideWallowa-Whitman National Forest16,201
SkookumUmatilla National Forest7,704
Snake RiverWallowa-Whitman National Forest31,229
Twin MountainWallowa-Whitman National Forest58,533
Upper Catherine CreekWallowa-Whitman National Forest6,446
Upper Grande RondeWallowa-Whitman National Forest11,723
W - T ThreeUmatilla National Forest1,705
Walla Walla RiverUmatilla National Forest34,416
Utah (72)
AreaForestAcres
0401001Ashley National Forest11,705
0401002Ashley National Forest36,113
0401005Ashley National Forest38,930
0401007Ashley National Forest16,483
0401014Ashley National Forest26,903
0401023Ashley National Forest8,352
0401024Ashley National Forest12,882
0401037Ashley National Forest1,166
0419020Ashley National Forest355,684
418002Uinta National Forest19,152
418003Uinta National Forest10,912
418004Uinta National Forest16,661
418024Uinta National Forest51,699
418025Uinta National Forest32,698
418026Uinta National Forest14,038
418028Uinta National Forest34,002
418029Uinta National Forest15,673
418040Uinta National Forest1,702
418043Uinta National Forest9,493
Boulder MountainWasatch-Cache National Forest8,852
Boulder Mtn. / Boulder Top / Deer LakeDixie National Forest110,690
Bullion - DelanoFishlake National Forest14,917
Burch CreekWasatch-Cache National Forest6,938
Circleville MountainFishlake National Forest24,142
City CreekFishlake National Forest13,939
Clarkston Mtn.Caribou National Forest7,099
Cove CreekFishlake National Forest25,555
Dairy ForkManti-Lasal National Forest30,222
FishhookDixie National Forest12,959
Fishlake MountainFishlake National Forest25,217
HancockDixie National Forest9,809
High Uintas (UT)Wasatch-Cache National Forest102,398
Hog RanchDixie National Forest17,130
HogsbackWasatch-Cache National Forest7,936
Horse Mountain - Mans PeakManti-Lasal National Forest22,159
LakesWasatch-Cache National Forest121,967
Lewis PeakWasatch-Cache National Forest11,616
Little CreekFishlake National Forest11,479
Lone Peak ContiguousWasatch-Cache National Forest874
Long Neck Mesa / Steep Creek / Oak Creek - Steep Creek / OakDixie National Forest55,489
Lookout PeakFishlake National Forest9,195
Mahogany RangeWasatch-Cache National Forest11,409
Marysvale PeakFishlake National Forest22,624
Mcgath Lake - Auger HoleDixie National Forest8,334
Middle FrancisWasatch-Cache National Forest3,296
Mollens HollowWasatch-Cache National Forest17,690
Mt. AireWasatch-Cache National Forest9,681
Mt. Logan NorthWasatch-Cache National Forest18,930
Mt. Logan SouthWasatch-Cache National Forest17,014
Mt. NaomiWasatch-Cache National Forest41,922
Mt. OlympusWasatch-Cache National Forest9,982
Musinia PeakFishlake National Forest6,746
NoblettsWasatch-Cache National Forest3,116
North PavantFishlake National Forest53,262
Pine Valley MountainsDixie National Forest57,673
Price RiverManti-Lasal National Forest24,349
Right Hand Fork LoganWasatch-Cache National Forest15,023
SanpitchManti-Lasal National Forest29,129
Signal PeakFishlake National Forest30,889
South FrancisWasatch-Cache National Forest3,374
Stansbury MountainsWasatch-Cache National Forest39,696
Stump CreekCaribou National Forest355
Sugar PineWasatch-Cache National Forest5,600
Swan Creek MountainWasatch-Cache National Forest9,390
Temple PeakWasatch-Cache National Forest24,081
Thousand Lake MountainFishlake National Forest27,267
Tushar MountainFishlake National Forest39,992
Twin PeaksWasatch-Cache National Forest6,157
Upper South ForkWasatch-Cache National Forest16,811
WellsvilleWasatch-Cache National Forest1,717
White MountainFishlake National Forest23,939
White PineWasatch-Cache National Forest1,942
Washington (27)
AreaForestAcres
Abercrombie - HooknoseColville National Forest33,862
Asotin CreekUmatilla National Forest16,433
Black CanyonOkanogan National Forest9,681
ChelanWenatchee National Forest74,650
EntiatWenatchee National Forest72,617
Granite MountainOkanogan National Forest27,428
Grassy TopColville National Forest10,302
Grassy TopIdaho Panhandle National Forests13,485
Liberty BellOkanogan National Forest108,495
Long DrawOkanogan National Forest3,922
Long SwampOkanogan National Forest66,344
Meadow CreekUmatilla National Forest4,882
Mill Creek Watershed (WA)Umatilla National Forest16,747
Mt. BonaparteOkanogan National Forest10,891
Nason RidgeWenatchee National Forest19,329
Pasayten RimOkanogan National Forest17,074
Rock CreekWenatchee National Forest32,239
Salmo - Priest BColville National Forest11,869
SawtoothOkanogan National Forest122,194
Slide RidgeWenatchee National Forest11,430
South RidgeOkanogan National Forest6,151
SpanglerUmatilla National Forest5,936
Stormy Mtn.Wenatchee National Forest32,612
TiffanyOkanogan National Forest22,045
Twin LakesWenatchee National Forest22,496
Upper TucannonUmatilla National Forest12,485
Wenatchee CreekUmatilla National Forest15,315
Wyoming (59)
AreaForestAcres
Battle CreekMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest5,890
Bear RocksBighorn National Forest25,023
Beartooth Proposed WildernessShoshone National Forest16,837
Bridger PeakMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest6,697
Bruce MountainBighorn National Forest5,417
Buffalo PeakMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest17,560
Canyon CreekShoshone National Forest7,530
Cloud Peak ContiguousBighorn National Forest113,757
Devils CanyonBighorn National Forest37,416
East Fork EncampmentMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest7,445
Encampment River AdditionMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest4,996
French CreekMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest5,928
Gannett Hills - Spring CreekBridger-Teton National Forest45,462
Grayback RidgeBridger-Teton National Forest295,113
Grommund CreekBighorn National Forest12,089
Gros Ventre MountainsBridger-Teton National Forest106,418
Hazelton PeaksBighorn National Forest10,029
Headwaters Sunlight CreekShoshone National Forest6,016
Hideout CreekBighorn National Forest10,096
Horse Creek MesaBighorn National Forest77,808
Lake Alice - Commissary RidgeBridger-Teton National Forest166,707
Leigh CreekBighorn National Forest19,180
Libby FlatsMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest11,107
Little BighornBighorn National Forest133,949
Little GooseBighorn National Forest25,558
Little SnakeMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest9,920
Middle ForkMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest13,238
Middle ForkShoshone National Forest51,772
Monument RidgeBridger-Teton National Forest17,720
Mosquito Lake - Seven LakesBridger-Teton National Forest51,950
Mowry PeakMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest6,244
Munger MountainBridger-Teton National Forest12,827
North BoundaryShoshone National Forest182
Nugent Park - Hams Fork RidgeBridger-Teton National Forest21,241
Pacific Creek - Blackrock CreekBridger-Teton National Forest24,658
PalisadesTarghee National Forest1,121
Phillips RidgeBridger-Teton National Forest10,108
Piney CreekBighorn National Forest22,240
Platte River AdditionMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest7,962
ReefShoshone National Forest16,817
Rock CreekMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest18,874
Salt River RangeBridger-Teton National Forest235,661
Savage Run AdditionMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest2,368
Sheep MountainMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest17,626
Sibley LakeBighorn National Forest10,367
Snowy RangeMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest29,660
Solomon CreekMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest5,756
South Beartooth HighwayShoshone National Forest105,570
South ForkShoshone National Forest64,903
South Wyoming RangeBridger-Teton National Forest85,776
Spread Creek - Gros Ventre RiverBridger-Teton National Forest166,097
Sulphur CreekShoshone National Forest30,221
Teton Corridor TrailheadsBridger-Teton National Forest286
Togwotee PassShoshone National Forest7,344
Trout CreekShoshone National Forest44,034
Walker PrairieBighorn National Forest62,434
West Slope TetonsTarghee National Forest47,448
West Slope WindsBridger-Teton National Forest143,252
Wilderness Study AreaTarghee National Forest51,961
References (24)
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  2. American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1998. Check-list of North American birds. Seventh edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. [as modified by subsequent supplements and corrections published in <i>The Auk</i>]. Also available online: http://www.aou.org/.
  3. American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 2006. Forty-seventh supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American Birds. The Auk 123(3):1926-936.
  4. Barrowclough, G.F., J.G. Groth, L.A. Mertz, and R.J. Gutierrez. 2004. Phylogeographic structure, gene flow and species status in Blue Grouse (<i>Dendragapus obscurus</i>). Molecular Ecology 13:1911-1922.
  5. Bergerud, A. T., and M. W. Gratson, editors. 1987. Adaptive strategies and population ecology of northern grouse. Univ. Minnesoat Press. 785 pp.
  6. Brooks, A. 1929. On <i>Dendragapus obscurus obscurus</i>. Auk 46:111-113.
  7. Cade, B. S., and R. W. Hoffman. 1993. Differential migration of blue grouse in Colorado. Auk 110:70-77.
  8. Connelly, J. W., M. A. Schroeder, A. R. Sands, and C. E. Braun. 2000. Guidelines to manage sage grouse populations and their habitats. Wildlife Society Bulletin 28:967-985.
  9. Copelin, F. F. 1963. The Lesser Prairie Chicken in Oklahoma. Oklahoma Wildlife Conservation Department Technical Bulletin 6.
  10. Ellsworth, D. L., R. L. Honeycut, and N. J. Silvy. 1995. Phylogenetic relationships among North American grouse inferred from restriction endonuclease analysis of mitochondrial DNA. Condor 97:492-502.
  11. Giesen, K. M. 1991. Population inventory and habitat use by Lesser Prairie-Chickens in southeast Colorado. Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Report W-152-R, Colorado Division of Wildlife.
  12. Giesen, K.M. 1998. Lesser prairie-chicken (<i>Typanuchus pallidicinctus</i>). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 364. The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA. 20 pp.
  13. Harrison, C. 1978. A Field Guide to the Nests, Eggs and Nestlings of North American Birds. Collins, Cleveland, Ohio.
  14. Horkel, J. D. 1979. Cover and space requirements of Attwater's prairie chicken (TYMPANUCHUS CUPIDO ATTWATERI) in Refugio County, Texas. Ph.D. Thesis. Texas A&M University, College Station. 96 pp.
  15. Johnsgard, P.A. 1983b. The grouse of the world. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, NE. xvi + 413 pp.
  16. Pekins, P. J., F. G. Lindzey, and J. A. Gessaman. 1991. Physical characteristics of blue grouse winter use-trees and roost sites. Great Basin Nat. 51:244-248.
  17. Pelren, E. C. 1996. Blue grouse winter ecology in northeastern Oregon. Ph.D. Dissertation, Oregon State University, Corvallis.
  18. Schroeder, M. A. 1991. Movement and lek visitation by female greater prairie-chickens in relation to predictions of Bradbury's female preference hypothesis of lek evolution. Auk 108:896-903.
  19. Schroeder, M. A., and C. E. Braun. 1993. Partial migration in a population of greater prairie-chickens in northeastern Colorado. Auk 110:21-28.
  20. Taylor, M. A., and F. S. Guthery. 1980a. Fall-winter movements, ranges, and habitat use of lesser prairie chickens. Journal of Wildlife Management 44:521-524.
  21. Taylor, M. A., and F. S. Guthery. 1980b. Status, Ecology, and Management of the Lesser Prairie Chicken. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-77, 15 p. Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO.
  22. Taylor, M. A., and F. S. Guthery. 1980c. Dispersal of a lesser prairie chicken (TYMPANUCHUS PALLIDICINCTUS). Southwestern Naturalist 25:124-125.
  23. Terres, J. K. 1980. The Audubon Society encyclopedia of North American birds. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.
  24. Zwickel, F. C., et al. 1991. Sexual and subspecific variation in the number of rectrices of blue grouse. Can. J. Zool. 69:134-140.