Monotropa uniflora

Linnaeus

Ghost Pipe

G5Secure Found in 293 roadless areas NatureServe Explorer →
G5SecureGlobal Rank
HighThreat Impact
Identity
Unique IDELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.133249
Element CodePDMON03030
Record TypeSPECIES
ClassificationSpecies
Classification StatusStandard
Name CategoryVascular Plant
Endemicoccurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations
KingdomPlantae
PhylumAnthophyta
ClassDicotyledoneae
OrderEricales
FamilyEricaceae
GenusMonotropa
Other Common Names
Indianpipe (EN) Indian-pipe (EN) Monotrope uniflore (FR)
Concept Reference
Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.
Taxonomic Comments
This is the record for Monotropa uniflora in the broad sense following Kartesz (1994, 1999) and FNA (vol. 8, 2009), which include Monotropa brittonii, a species that evidence suggests is worthy of distinction per Weakley et al. (2023). Based on the distribution in the Flora of North America (2009), it is likely representing a broad concept that includes material from Central and South America and Eastern Asia which Weakley et al. (2023) say further study also may support distinction.
Conservation Status
Rank Method Rank calculation - Biotics v2
Review Date2023-01-10
Change Date1984-06-08
Edition Date2023-01-10
Edition AuthorsMiller, T. (1994), rev. Eberly (2023)
Threat ImpactHigh
Range Extent>2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)
Number of Occurrences> 300
Rank Reasons
Monotropa uniflora is a wide ranging and common species that occurs in Central, South, and North America and eastern Asia. Threats are largely unknown but wild collection may be a threat, as this species is increasingly found in online markets as an alternative medicine.
Range Extent Comments
Monotropa uniflora is a wide ranging species that occurs in North, Central, and South America and east Asia (Flora of China Editorial Committee 2005, FNA 2009, Barkalov and Sundukov 2015, Villaseñor 2016).
Occurrences Comments
There are well over 300 occurrences, with a 1 km separation distance, rangewide based on herbarium records and photo based observations over the last 20 years (iNaturalist 2023, GBIF 2023, SEINet 2023).
Threat Impact Comments
Wild collection of this species may be on the rise but more research is needed to determine the scope and severity of this threat globally and in more localized areas (Ray and Saini 2022).
Ecology & Habitat

Habitat

This species occurs in a wide variety of coniferous, deciduous, or mix forests that vary from moist to dry at elevations ranging from sea level to 3,000 m (FNA 2009).
Terrestrial Habitats
Forest/WoodlandForest - HardwoodForest - ConiferForest - Mixed
Other Nations (2)
CanadaN5
ProvinceRankNative
Nova ScotiaS5Yes
OntarioS5Yes
New BrunswickS5Yes
AlbertaS3Yes
Island of NewfoundlandS5Yes
QuebecS5Yes
British ColumbiaS5Yes
ManitobaS4Yes
SaskatchewanS4Yes
Prince Edward IslandS5Yes
LabradorS3Yes
United StatesN5
ProvinceRankNative
North CarolinaSNRYes
ConnecticutSNRYes
KentuckyS5Yes
IndianaSNRYes
New HampshireSNRYes
VirginiaSNRYes
GeorgiaSNRYes
IdahoSNRYes
MassachusettsSNRYes
VermontS5Yes
North DakotaS3Yes
WashingtonSNRYes
South CarolinaSNRYes
West VirginiaS5Yes
IowaS4Yes
DelawareS5Yes
MaineSNRYes
PennsylvaniaS5Yes
MinnesotaSNRYes
CaliforniaS2Yes
OklahomaS2Yes
New YorkS5Yes
OregonSNRYes
WisconsinSNRYes
MontanaS4Yes
South DakotaS1Yes
OhioSNRYes
MichiganSNRYes
IllinoisSNRYes
ArkansasSNRYes
LouisianaSNRYes
KansasS3Yes
NebraskaS4Yes
MississippiSNRYes
FloridaSNRYes
MissouriSNRYes
TexasSNRYes
AlabamaSNRYes
New JerseyS5Yes
District of ColumbiaSNRYes
Rhode IslandSNRYes
MarylandSNRYes
TennesseeSNRYes
AlaskaS1Yes
Threat Assessments
ThreatScopeSeverityTiming
5 - Biological resource useLarge (31-70%)Serious or 31-70% pop. declineHigh (continuing)
5.2 - Gathering terrestrial plantsLarge (31-70%)Serious or 31-70% pop. declineHigh (continuing)
5.2.1 - Intentional use (species being assessed is the target)Large (31-70%)Serious or 31-70% pop. declineHigh (continuing)

Plant Characteristics
DurationPERENNIAL
Economic Value (Genus)No
Roadless Areas (293)
Alabama (1)
AreaForestAcres
Oakey MountainTalladega National Forest6,129
Arkansas (3)
AreaForestAcres
Bear MountainOuachita National Forest1,910
Dismal CreekOzark-St. Francis National Forest9,160
Hurricane CreekOzark-St. Francis National Forest2,279
California (3)
AreaForestAcres
North Fork SmithSix Rivers National Forest37,898
PacksaddleSix Rivers National Forest3,862
Siskiyou BSix Rivers National Forest18,871
Georgia (11)
AreaForestAcres
Big MountainChattahoochee National Forest1,974
Helton CreekChattahoochee National Forest2,348
Indian Grave GapChattahoochee National Forest1,020
Joe GapChattahoochee National Forest5,321
Kelly RidgeChattahoochee National Forest8,325
Lance CreekChattahoochee National Forest9,025
Miller CreekChattahoochee National Forest701
Pink KnobChattahoochee National Forest12,127
Rocky MountainChattahoochee National Forest4,269
Sarah's CreekChattahoochee National Forest6,888
Turner CreekChattahoochee National Forest1,495
Idaho (4)
AreaForestAcres
Bear CreekCaribou-Targhee National Forest118,582
Bighorn - WeitasNez Perce-Clearwater National Forest254,845
HoodooNez Perce-Clearwater National Forest153,868
North Lochsa SlopeNez Perce-Clearwater National Forest117,662
Kentucky (1)
AreaForestAcres
WolfpenDaniel Boone National Forest2,835
Louisiana (1)
AreaForestAcres
Saline Bayou W & S River CorridorKisatchie National Forest5,355
Maine (1)
AreaForestAcres
Caribou - Speckled ExtWhite Mountain National Forest5,988
Michigan (3)
AreaForestAcres
DeliriumHiawatha National Forest190
FibreHiawatha National Forest7,432
Norwich Plains Revised Roadless AreaOttawa National Forest4,360
Minnesota (8)
AreaForestAcres
Baker - Homer - Brule LakesSuperior National Forest6,712
Brule Lake - Eagle MountainSuperior National Forest12,380
Cabin CreekSuperior National Forest6,071
Hegman LakesSuperior National Forest675
Kawishiwi Lake To SawbillSuperior National Forest15,305
Phantom LakeSuperior National Forest6,521
Tait LakeSuperior National Forest6,327
Wood LakeSuperior National Forest596
Montana (24)
AreaForestAcres
Allen Peak #185Kootenai National Forest29,638
Bear - Marshall - Scapegoat - SwanLolo National Forest118,485
Bear - Marshall - Scapegoat - SwanLewis and Clark National Forest344,022
Bmss Ra 1485Flathead National Forest334,275
Buckhorn Ridge (MT)Kootenai National Forest34,716
Cabinet Face East #671Kootenai National Forest50,326
CataractKootenai National Forest25,446
East Fork Elk #678Kootenai National Forest6,767
Evans GulchLolo National Forest8,059
Flagstaff Mountain #690Kootenai National Forest11,114
Galena #677Kootenai National Forest19,300
Government Mountain #673Kootenai National Forest10,090
HoodooLolo National Forest105,162
Lebeau RA 1507Flathead National Forest5,450
Lone Cliff West #674aKootenai National Forest5,315
Maple PeakLolo National Forest6,469
Mt. BushnellLolo National Forest41,798
Patricks Knob - North CutoffLolo National Forest16,970
Reservation DivideLolo National Forest16,908
Saddle Mountain #168Kootenai National Forest14,675
Scotchman Peaks (MT)Kootenai National Forest53,909
Selway - Bitterroot (01067)Bitterroot National Forest114,953
South Siegel - South CutoffLolo National Forest13,474
Willard Estelle #173Kootenai National Forest3,714
New Hampshire (15)
AreaForestAcres
Carr MountainWhite Mountain National Forest17,110
Cherry MountainWhite Mountain National Forest8,766
Dartmouth RangeWhite Mountain National Forest9,233
Great Gulf Ext.White Mountain National Forest15,110
JobildunkWhite Mountain National Forest3,660
KearsargeWhite Mountain National Forest4,554
KilkennyWhite Mountain National Forest28,766
Kinsman MountainWhite Mountain National Forest8,999
Mt. Wolf - Gordon PondWhite Mountain National Forest11,846
PemigewassetWhite Mountain National Forest32,255
Pemigewasset ExtWhite Mountain National Forest15,840
Presidential - Dry River ExtWhite Mountain National Forest10,555
Sandwich RangeWhite Mountain National Forest16,797
WatervilleWhite Mountain National Forest4,312
Wild RiverWhite Mountain National Forest46,878
North Carolina (26)
AreaForestAcres
Bald MountainPisgah National Forest11,085
Balsam ConePisgah National Forest10,591
Barkers Creek (addition)Nantahala National Forest975
BearwallowPisgah National Forest4,113
Big Indian (addition)Nantahala National Forest1,155
Catfish Lake NorthCroatan National Forest11,299
Cheoah BaldNantahala National Forest7,795
Chunky Gal (addition)Nantahala National Forest3,336
Craggy MountainPisgah National Forest2,657
Graveyard Ridge (addition)Pisgah National Forest1,958
Harper CreekPisgah National Forest7,325
Jarrett CreekPisgah National Forest7,485
Laurel MountainPisgah National Forest5,683
Linville Gorge AdditionPisgah National Forest2,809
Little Indian (addition)Nantahala National Forest640
Lost CovePisgah National Forest5,944
Mackey MountainPisgah National Forest5,934
Overflow CreekNantahala National Forest3,379
Sam Knob (addition)Pisgah National Forest2,576
Slide HollowPisgah National Forest193
SnowbirdNantahala National Forest8,489
South Mills RiverPisgah National Forest8,588
Tusquitee BaldNantahala National Forest13,670
Wesser BaldNantahala National Forest4,061
Wilson CreekPisgah National Forest4,863
Woods MountainPisgah National Forest9,602
Oregon (49)
AreaForestAcres
Bull Of The WoodsMt. Hood National Forest8,843
Chucksney MountainWillamette National Forest15,369
Cougar BluffUmpqua National Forest5,574
Drift CreekSiuslaw National Forest6,333
EagleMt. Hood National Forest16,841
Echo MountainWillamette National Forest8,098
ElkhornWillamette National Forest9,380
FairviewUmpqua National Forest7,417
French Pete (a)Willamette National Forest1,668
French Pete (b)Willamette National Forest1,186
Gold CreekWillamette National Forest1,364
Gordon MeadowsWillamette National Forest9,463
Grande RondeWallowa-Whitman National Forest5,650
Grande RondeUmatilla National Forest12,296
Hardesty MountainUmpqua National Forest2,597
Hardesty MountainWillamette National Forest3,754
Hebo 1aSiuslaw National Forest13,930
HellholeUmatilla National Forest65,679
HuckleberryWallowa-Whitman National Forest11,238
Jaussaud CorralUmatilla National Forest5,535
LarchMt. Hood National Forest12,961
LastUmpqua National Forest7,666
Limpy RockUmpqua National Forest6,782
Little SheepWallowa-Whitman National Forest5,238
Maiden PeakDeschutes National Forest26,432
Maiden PeakWillamette National Forest9,627
Mclennon MountainWillamette National Forest8,085
Menagerie (rooster Rock)Willamette National Forest374
Middle SantiamWillamette National Forest7,316
Mill Creek Watershed (OR)Umatilla National Forest7,820
Mountain SheepWallowa-Whitman National Forest19,457
Mt. HagenWillamette National Forest6,406
Mt. Hood AdditionsMt. Hood National Forest13,061
Opal CreekWillamette National Forest5,417
Roaring RiverMt. Hood National Forest27,316
Salmon - HuckleberryMt. Hood National Forest17,570
South KalmiopsisSiskiyou National Forests104,477
TahkenitchSiuslaw National Forest5,799
TenmileSiuslaw National Forest10,818
Umpqua SpitSiuslaw National Forest2,090
Upper Catherine CreekWallowa-Whitman National Forest6,446
Waldo - FujiWillamette National Forest15,273
Waldo - Many PrariesWillamette National Forest2,585
Waldo - MoolackWillamette National Forest1,183
Waldo - Salmon CreekWillamette National Forest3,195
Walla Walla RiverUmatilla National Forest34,416
Williams CreekUmpqua National Forest5,844
Wind CreekMt. Hood National Forest5,438
WoahinkSiuslaw National Forest5,309
Pennsylvania (6)
AreaForestAcres
Allegheny FrontAllegheny National Forest7,430
Clarion RiverAllegheny National Forest3,821
CornplanterAllegheny National Forest2,929
Hearts ContentAllegheny National Forest221
Minister ValleyAllegheny National Forest1,417
Tracy RidgeAllegheny National Forest9,034
South Carolina (2)
AreaForestAcres
Big MountainSumter National Forest2,337
Ellicott Rock 2Sumter National Forest517
Tennessee (11)
AreaForestAcres
Bald MountainCherokee National Forest11,743
Bald River Gorge AdditionCherokee National Forest1,728
Beaver Dam CreekCherokee National Forest5,070
Brushy RidgeCherokee National Forest7,469
Devil's BackboneCherokee National Forest4,287
Flint Mill GapCherokee National Forest9,494
Rogers RidgeCherokee National Forest4,738
Sampson Mountain AdditionCherokee National Forest3,064
Slide HollowCherokee National Forest4,057
Stone MountainCherokee National Forest5,367
Sycamore CreekCherokee National Forest6,984
Texas (1)
AreaForestAcres
Big CreekNational Forests in Texas1,447
Vermont (5)
AreaForestAcres
Bread LoafGreen Mountain and Finger Lakes National Forests1,768
Devil's Den 09083Green Mountain and Finger Lakes National Forests9,169
Griffith Lake 09084Green Mountain and Finger Lakes National Forests1,833
Wilder Mountain 09082Green Mountain and Finger Lakes National Forests8,759
Woodford 09086Green Mountain and Finger Lakes National Forests2,456
Virginia (47)
AreaForestAcres
Adams PeakGeorge Washington National Forest7,135
Bear CreekJefferson National Forest18,274
Beards MountainGeorge Washington National Forest7,505
Beartown Addition BJefferson National Forest2,985
Beaver Dam CreekJefferson National Forest1,135
Broad RunJefferson National Forest10,971
Brush MountainJefferson National Forest6,002
Brush Mountain EastJefferson National Forest4,916
Brushy MountainJefferson National Forest4,168
Crawford MountainGeorge Washington National Forest9,892
Elliott KnobGeorge Washington National Forest9,380
Garden MountainJefferson National Forest3,960
Gum RunGeorge Washington National Forest12,620
Hoop HoleJefferson National Forest4,652
Hunting Camp Little Wolf CreekJefferson National Forest8,953
JerkemtightGeorge Washington National Forest16,687
Kelley MountainGeorge Washington National Forest7,590
Laurel ForkGeorge Washington National Forest9,967
Lewis Fork AdditionJefferson National Forest749
Little AlleghanyGeorge Washington National Forest10,215
Little Dry Run AdditionJefferson National Forest2,204
Little RiverGeorge Washington National Forest27,292
Little Walker MountainJefferson National Forest9,818
Little Wilson Creek Addition BJefferson National Forest1,725
Long SpurJefferson National Forest6,417
Mill MountainGeorge Washington National Forest10,840
Mottesheard (VA)Jefferson National Forest2,596
Mountain Lake Addition AJefferson National Forest1,469
Mountain Lake Addition CJefferson National Forest494
Mt. PleasantGeorge Washington National Forest8,933
New London Bridge BranchJefferson National Forest844
North MountainJefferson National Forest8,377
Northern MassanuttenGeorge Washington National Forest9,444
Oak KnobGeorge Washington National Forest10,882
Oliver MountainGeorge Washington National Forest13,090
Patterson MountainJefferson National Forest4,865
Peters Mountain Addition A (VA)Jefferson National Forest1,268
Peters Mountain Addition BJefferson National Forest2,909
Price MountainJefferson National Forest9,119
Raccoon BranchJefferson National Forest4,388
Ramseys Draft AdditionGeorge Washington National Forest12,781
Rogers RunJefferson National Forest181
Seng MountainJefferson National Forest6,428
SkidmoreGeorge Washington National Forest5,641
Southern MassanuttenGeorge Washington National Forest11,985
The PriestGeorge Washington National Forest5,737
Three RidgesGeorge Washington National Forest4,745
Washington (47)
AreaForestAcres
Abercrombie - HooknoseColville National Forest33,862
Bear CreekGifford Pinchot National Forest7,980
Big Lava BedGifford Pinchot National Forest19,043
Blue LakeGifford Pinchot National Forest11,359
Boulder RiverMt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest32,563
BourbonGifford Pinchot National Forest4,512
Carlton RidgeGifford Pinchot National Forest2,190
Coal Creek BluffGifford Pinchot National Forest1,164
CortrightGifford Pinchot National Forest3,462
Dark DivideGifford Pinchot National Forest52,483
Eagle RockMt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest34,064
EntiatWenatchee National Forest72,617
Glacier Peak BMt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest19,328
Glacier Peak JMt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest26,482
Glacier Peak KMt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest47,269
Glacier Peak LMt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest14,084
Grassy TopColville National Forest10,302
Grassy TopIdaho Panhandle National Forests13,485
Green MountainOlympic National Forest4,617
Higgins MountainMt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest13,185
HoodooColville National Forest7,142
Jefferson RidgeOlympic National Forest6,512
Jupiter RidgeOlympic National Forest10,148
LightningOlympic National Forest7,179
Madison CreekOlympic National Forest1,223
Mill Creek Watershed (WA)Umatilla National Forest16,747
Moonlight DomeOlympic National Forest4,919
Mt. Baker MaMt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest24,847
Mt. Baker Noisy - DiobsudMt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest56,039
Mt. Baker NorthMt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest16,873
Mt. Baker WestMt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest25,390
Mt. BaldyOlympic National Forest3,557
Packwood LakeGifford Pinchot National Forest1,084
Pasayten RimOkanogan National Forest17,074
PompeyGifford Pinchot National Forest23,985
PressentinMt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest14,545
QuilceneOlympic National Forest18,656
Rock CreekWenatchee National Forest32,239
Salmo - Priest BColville National Forest11,869
Silver StarGifford Pinchot National Forest7,779
SiouxonGifford Pinchot National Forest12,773
South QuinaultOlympic National Forest11,081
SpanglerUmatilla National Forest5,936
TaneumWenatchee National Forest26,140
TumwaterGifford Pinchot National Forest8,676
Upper SkokomishOlympic National Forest9,311
Willow SpringsUmatilla National Forest10,414
West Virginia (21)
AreaForestAcres
Canaan LoopMonongahela National Forest7,867
Cheat MountainMonongahela National Forest8,191
Cranberry AdditionMonongahela National Forest11,123
Cranberry Glades Botanical AreaMonongahela National Forest785
Dolly Sods Roaring PlainMonongahela National Forest13,392
Dry ForkMonongahela National Forest657
Dry River (WV)George Washington National Forest7,331
East Fork Of GreenbrierMonongahela National Forest7,167
Falls Of Hills CreekMonongahela National Forest6,925
Glady ForkMonongahela National Forest3,239
Laurel ForkMonongahela National Forest1,172
Little MountainMonongahela National Forest8,172
Mcgowan MountainMonongahela National Forest10,504
Middle MountainMonongahela National Forest19,020
Mottesheard (WV)Jefferson National Forest3,964
North Mountain HopevilleMonongahela National Forest6,525
Peters Mountain Addition A (WV)Jefferson National Forest343
Seneca CreekMonongahela National Forest22,287
Spice RunMonongahela National Forest6,251
Tea Creek MountainMonongahela National Forest8,295
Turkey MountainMonongahela National Forest6,421
Wisconsin (3)
AreaForestAcres
09012 - Round Lake Study AreaChequamegon-Nicolet National Forest3,707
09154 - St. Peters DomeChequamegon-Nicolet National Forest4,002
09180 - Perch LakeChequamegon-Nicolet National Forest2,390
References (14)
  1. Barkalov, V.Y. , and Y.N Sundukov. 2015. Record of <i>Monotropa uniflora</i> (Ericaceae) on the Russian Far East. Botanicheskii Zhurnal 100(3):298-302.
  2. Davis, Renee. Personal Communication. Fungi Perfecti LLC.
  3. Flora of China Editorial Committee. 2005. Flora of China volume 14: Apiaceae through Ericaceae. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, MO.
  4. Flora of North America Editorial Committee (FNA). 2009. Flora of North America north of Mexico. Vol. 8. Magnoliophyta: Paeoniaceae to Ericaceae. Oxford University Press, New York. xxiv + 585 pp.
  5. Foster, S. and J. Duke. 2000. A Field Guide to Medicinal Plants and Herbs of Eastern and Central North America. Second edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, New York.
  6. Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). 2023. Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) data portal. Online. Available: https://www.gbif.org/ (accessed 2023).
  7. iNaturalist. 2023. Online. Available: https://www.inaturalist.org (accessed 2023).
  8. Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.
  9. Lewis, Walter H., and Memory P.F. Elvin-Lewis. 1977. Medical Botany: Plants Affecting Man's Health. John Wiley and Sons, New York, New York. 515 p.
  10. Luteyn, J.L. 1995. Ericaceae part II: The superior-ovaried genera. Flora Neotropica monograph 66: 1-560. The New York Botanical Garden, New York.
  11. Ray, S., and M.K. Saini. 2022. Impending threats to the plants with medicinal value in the Eastern Himalayas Region: An analysis on the alternatives to its non-availability. Phytomedicine Plus 2(1).
  12. Southwest Environmental Information Network (SEINet). 2023. Collections Databases. Online. Available: https://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/collections/index.php (accessed 2023).
  13. Villaseñor, J.L. 2016. Checklist of the native vascular plants of Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 87: 559-902.
  14. Weakley, A.S., and Southeastern Flora Team. 2023. Flora of the southeastern United States. Edition of April 14, 2023. University of North Carolina Herbarium (NCU), North Carolina Botanical Garden, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. 2105 pp.