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Home/Species/ Red-breasted Nuthatch

Sitta canadensis

Linnaeus, 1766

Red-breasted Nuthatch

G5Secure Found in 393 roadless areas NatureServe Explorer →
G5SecureGlobal Rank
Least concernIUCN
Identity
Unique IDELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.106131
Element CodeABPAZ01010
Record TypeSPECIES
ClassificationSpecies
Classification StatusStandard
Name CategoryVertebrate Animal
IUCNLeast concern
Endemicoccurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations
KingdomAnimalia
PhylumCraniata
ClassAves
OrderPasseriformes
FamilySittidae
GenusSitta
Other Common Names
red-breasted nuthatch (EN) Sita Canadiense (ES) Sittelle à poitrine rousse (FR)
Concept Reference
American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1998. Check-list of North American birds. Seventh edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. [as modified by subsequent supplements and corrections published in The Auk]. Also available online: http://www.aou.org/.
Taxonomic Comments
Possibly conspecific with Asiatic S. villosa (AOU 1983).
Conservation Status
Rank MethodExpertise without calculation
Review Date2016-04-09
Change Date1996-12-02
Range Extent Comments
BREEDS: southern Alaska to northern Saskatchewan and Labrador, south to southern California, southern New Mexico, western South Dakota, southern Saskatchewan, Minnesota, northern Ohio, New Jersey, and southern Appalachians; also in isolated areas to south. WINTERS: throughout most of breeding range, irregularly to Gulf Coast.
Ecology & Habitat

Habitat

Coniferous and mixed forest, aspen woodland; in migration and winter also in deciduous forest, open woodland, parks, scrub, and riparian woodland (AOU 1983). Nests usually in excavated cavity in tree stub or branch of dead tree, or dead top of live tree, also in abandoned woodpecker hole, natural cavity, or bird box; average of 4-5 m above ground.

Ecology

Territorial during breeding season; territories range in size from 0.2 hectares in Quebec (Cyr 1974) to 10 hectares in subalpine forests in New Hampshire (Sabo 1980). Winter territoriality is variable; territories are maintained by resident pairs, but migratory indidividuals do not defend territories (Tyler 1948, Matthysen et al. 1992).

Reproduction

Clutch size is 4-7 (usually 5-6). Incubation lasts 12 days? Young are tended by both parents, leave nest at 18-21 days.
Terrestrial Habitats
Forest - HardwoodForest - ConiferForest - MixedWoodland - HardwoodWoodland - ConiferWoodland - Mixed
Palustrine Habitats
Riparian
Other Nations (2)
United StatesN5
ProvinceRankNative
WyomingS5B,S5NYes
DelawareS1B,S3NYes
North CarolinaS3B,S4NYes
MontanaS5Yes
ArkansasS4NYes
IllinoisS1Yes
MichiganS5Yes
KansasSNAYes
VirginiaS3B,S4NYes
KentuckyS1BYes
ConnecticutS5Yes
VermontS5Yes
MississippiSNAYes
Navajo NationS4Yes
North DakotaS4Yes
MarylandS3BYes
ArizonaS4Yes
ColoradoS5Yes
MaineS5Yes
New MexicoS4B,S4NYes
FloridaSNRNYes
New YorkS5Yes
NebraskaS4Yes
LouisianaSNAYes
Rhode IslandS3BYes
West VirginiaS4B,S4NYes
District of ColumbiaS1NYes
AlabamaS4NYes
MassachusettsS5Yes
CaliforniaSNRYes
NevadaS5Yes
AlaskaS4Yes
OklahomaS2NYes
PennsylvaniaS4BYes
IowaS3NYes
South CarolinaS4Yes
TexasS2B,S4NYes
WashingtonS5Yes
TennesseeS2B,S4NYes
MinnesotaSNRYes
MissouriSNRNYes
IndianaS1BYes
WisconsinS4BYes
GeorgiaS4Yes
South DakotaS5B,S4NYes
IdahoS4Yes
New HampshireS5Yes
OregonS5Yes
New JerseyS4B,S4NYes
UtahS4Yes
CanadaN5
ProvinceRankNative
ManitobaS5Yes
Yukon TerritoryS4Yes
Island of NewfoundlandS5Yes
Northwest TerritoriesS4Yes
NunavutSUBYes
QuebecS5Yes
LabradorS3Yes
SaskatchewanS5B,S5N,S5MYes
Nova ScotiaS4Yes
British ColumbiaS5Yes
OntarioS5Yes
Prince Edward IslandS5Yes
AlbertaS5Yes
New BrunswickS5Yes
Roadless Areas (393)
Alaska (12)
AreaForestAcres
Boston BarChugach National Forest53,617
College FiordChugach National Forest1,130,818
Fidalgo-GravinaChugach National Forest257,968
GravinaTongass National Forest37,381
Johnson PassChugach National Forest152,508
Kenai LakeChugach National Forest213,172
Kenai MountainsChugach National Forest306,600
RedoubtTongass National Forest68,347
ResurrectionChugach National Forest224,615
RevillaTongass National Forest29,298
Roaded DonutChugach National Forest968
Twenty MileChugach National Forest198,775
Arizona (9)
AreaForestAcres
Big RidgeKaibab National Forest9,087
Burro CanyonKaibab National Forest19,928
Butterfly Roadless AreaCoronado National Forest42,296
Cdo WsaCoronado National Forest1,955
Coconino RimKaibab National Forest7,213
Oracle RoadlessCoronado National Forest22,365
PinalenoCoronado National Forest130,920
Red PointKaibab National Forest7,139
Santa TeresaCoronado National Forest8,929
Arkansas (1)
AreaForestAcres
Blue MountainOuachita National Forest9,755
California (101)
AreaForestAcres
AgnewSequoia National Forest9,561
AntimonyLos Padres National Forest40,911
Bear Camp FlatModoc National Forest2,471
Bell MeadowStanislaus National Forest7,968
Birch CreekInyo National Forest28,816
Bonanza KingShasta-Trinity National Forest16,402
Bucks LakePlumas National Forest680
CajonSan Bernardino National Forest7,548
Caples CreekEldorado National Forest17,854
Carson - IcebergStanislaus National Forest56,430
Castle Crags AShasta-Trinity National Forest113
Castle Crags BShasta-Trinity National Forest1,619
Castle PeakTahoe National Forest14,974
Chalk PeakLos Padres National Forest7,472
ChanchelullaShasta-Trinity National Forest3,915
ChicoSequoia National Forest39,836
Chips CreekLassen National Forest29,089
City CreekSan Bernardino National Forest9,997
Crystal CreekSan Bernardino National Forest6,783
Cub CreekLassen National Forest8,643
Cucamonga AAngeles National Forest1,249
Cucamonga BSan Bernardino National Forest11,933
DardanellesEldorado National Forest8,110
De La GuerraLos Padres National Forest5,418
Deep CreekSan Bernardino National Forest23,869
Devil GulchSierra National Forest30,490
Dexter CanyonInyo National Forest17,053
Dinkey LakesSierra National Forest34,171
DomeStanislaus National Forest11,085
Domeland Add.Sequoia National Forest3,046
EagleStanislaus National Forest16,116
East YubaTahoe National Forest17,968
Ferguson RidgeSierra National Forest6,104
Fox MountainLos Padres National Forest52,072
Glass MountainInyo National Forest52,867
Granite ChiefTahoe National Forest6,546
Greenhorn CreekSequoia National Forest28,226
GrindstoneMendocino National Forest26,031
Grouse LakesTahoe National Forest19,085
Heart LakeLassen National Forest9,349
Hoover - Mt.olsenHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest624
Hoover - NorthHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest1,574
Hoover - Virginia LksHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest5,050
Horse Mdw.Inyo National Forest5,687
Iceberg - Mill CreekHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest26,988
IshiLassen National Forest21,805
Jennie LakeSequoia National Forest2,388
KangarooKlamath National Forest40,617
Kings RiverSierra National Forest52,999
Lake EleanorShasta-Trinity National Forest397
Magic MountainAngeles National Forest15,542
Middle ForkPlumas National Forest29,278
Middle YubaTahoe National Forest7,379
MillModoc National Forest321
Mill CreekLassen National Forest7,587
Mill CreekSequoia National Forest27,643
Mill PeakSan Bernardino National Forest7,884
MonoLos Padres National Forest28,141
MosesSequoia National Forest22,077
Mt. EddyShasta-Trinity National Forest7,232
Mt. OlsenInyo National Forest2,161
Mt. RebaStanislaus National Forest3,869
Mt. Shasta AShasta-Trinity National Forest676
Mt. Shasta BShasta-Trinity National Forest2,809
NightStanislaus National Forest3,173
North Fork American RiverTahoe National Forest38,495
North MountainStanislaus National Forest7,856
Onion SpringsLassen National Forest2,421
ParsnipModoc National Forest8,485
Pleasant ViewAngeles National Forest26,395
Poison HoleEldorado National Forest2,627
PyramidEldorado National Forest24,347
Pyramid Peak BSan Bernardino National Forest7,194
Raymond PeakStanislaus National Forest3,646
Raymond PeakEldorado National Forest2,518
Raywood Flat BSan Bernardino National Forest11,373
RinconSequoia National Forest54,610
RussianKlamath National Forest21,771
Salt GulchShasta-Trinity National Forest6,511
San Gabriel AddAngeles National Forest2,527
San JoaquinSierra National Forest22,474
Sawmill - BadlandsLos Padres National Forest51,362
SherwinInyo National Forest3,140
Sill HillCleveland National Forest5,294
SinkardHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest2,004
SiskiyouKlamath National Forest54,039
Slate Mtn.Sequoia National Forest12,299
SnoozerKlamath National Forest23,414
SoldierModoc National Forest10,102
South SierraInyo National Forest41,853
South SierraSequoia National Forest8,008
SugarloafSan Bernardino National Forest8,206
Tioga LakeInyo National Forest829
Tragedy - Elephants BackEldorado National Forest20,866
WaterhouseStanislaus National Forest4,394
West GirardShasta-Trinity National Forest37,516
Wild Cattle MtnLassen National Forest4,965
Wild Horse Mtn. (CA)Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest28,822
Wonoga Pk.Inyo National Forest11,272
WoodpeckerSequoia National Forest11,936
WoolstaffSequoia National Forest41,445
Colorado (6)
AreaForestAcres
Comanche Peak Adjacent AreaArapaho & Roosevelt NFs44,158
Dome PeakRoutt NF35,716
HermosaSan Juan NF148,103
Long ParkRoutt NF42,100
San MiguelSan Juan NF64,263
Storm PeakSan Juan NF57,617
Georgia (1)
AreaForestAcres
Sarah's CreekChattahoochee National Forest6,888
Idaho (8)
AreaForestAcres
Bear CreekCaribou-Targhee National Forest118,582
HoodooNez Perce-Clearwater National Forest153,868
Italian PeakCaribou-Targhee National Forest141,158
NeedlesPayette National Forest131,279
PalisadesCaribou-Targhee National Forest122,002
Peace RockBoise National Forest191,734
Pioneer MountainsSalmon-Challis National Forest172,460
Pioneer MountainsSawtooth National Forest119,563
Maine (1)
AreaForestAcres
Caribou - Speckled ExtWhite Mountain National Forest5,988
Minnesota (3)
AreaForestAcres
Brule Lake - Eagle MountainSuperior National Forest12,380
Hegman LakesSuperior National Forest675
Phantom LakeSuperior National Forest6,521
Montana (28)
AreaForestAcres
Allan Mountain (01946)Bitterroot National Forest104,184
Bear - Marshall - Scapegoat - SwanHelena National Forest51,360
Bear - Marshall - Scapegoat - SwanLewis and Clark National Forest344,022
Bear - Marshall - Scapegoat - SwanLolo National Forest118,485
Bmss Ra 1485Flathead National Forest334,275
BridgerGallatin National Forest45,059
Buckhorn Ridge (MT)Kootenai National Forest34,716
Cabinet Face East #671Kootenai National Forest50,326
Cube Iron - SilcoxLolo National Forest36,998
East PioneerBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest145,082
Gallatin FringeGallatin National Forest51,571
HoodooLolo National Forest105,162
Hyalite - Porcupine - Buffalo Horn Wilderness Study AreaGallatin National Forest143,991
Line Creek PlateauCuster National Forest24,825
Lolo CreekLolo National Forest14,335
MadisonGallatin National Forest127,859
Mt. BushnellLolo National Forest41,798
Mt. Gmt Area HCuster National Forest1,335
North AbsarokaGallatin National Forest159,075
QuiggLolo National Forest67,267
Red Lodge Creek HellroaringCuster National Forest17,210
Selway - Bitterroot (01067)Bitterroot National Forest114,953
Sheep Mountain - StatelineLolo National Forest37,844
Silver KingBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest64,289
Silver KingLolo National Forest12,816
Ten Lakes #683Kootenai National Forest48,545
West Big HoleBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest133,563
West PioneerBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest248,631
Nevada (14)
AreaForestAcres
Angel Peak NorthHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest12,577
Bald Mtn.Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest41,598
Bunker HillHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest27,569
Charleston - Macks CynHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest11,378
Fourmile HillHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest15,718
Jobs Peak (NV)Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest1,342
Pine Grove SouthHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest88,945
Rose - EvansHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest4,782
Rose - GalenaHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest3,711
Rose - Whites CanyonHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest2,568
Ruby - Lamoille CynHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest32,771
Snake - Can Young NHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest336
Sweetwater (NV)Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest5,946
Toiyabe RangeHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest99,225
New Hampshire (11)
AreaForestAcres
Carr MountainWhite Mountain National Forest17,110
Dartmouth RangeWhite Mountain National Forest9,233
Great Gulf Ext.White Mountain National Forest15,110
JobildunkWhite Mountain National Forest3,660
Kinsman MountainWhite Mountain National Forest8,999
Mt. Wolf - Gordon PondWhite Mountain National Forest11,846
PemigewassetWhite Mountain National Forest32,255
Pemigewasset ExtWhite Mountain National Forest15,840
Presidential - Dry River ExtWhite Mountain National Forest10,555
Sandwich RangeWhite Mountain National Forest16,797
Wild RiverWhite Mountain National Forest46,878
New Mexico (19)
AreaForestAcres
Black CanyonSanta Fe National Forest1,922
Bull - Of - The - WoodsCarson National Forest488
Candian RiverCibola National Forest7,149
Columbine - Hondo Wilderness Study AreaCarson National Forest43,739
Contiguous To Black & Aldo Leopold WildernessGila National Forest111,883
Holy GhostSanta Fe National Forest2,352
Juan de Gabaldon GrantSanta Fe National Forest8,023
Little TesuqueSanta Fe National Forest815
Nichols ReservoirSanta Fe National Forest1,518
Ortega PeakLincoln National Forest11,545
PecosCarson National Forest13,436
Pecos WS RiverSanta Fe National Forest5,396
Peloncillo (NM)Coronado National Forest43,339
RendijaSanta Fe National Forest2,176
Ryan HillCibola National Forest34,201
South Guadalupe MountainsLincoln National Forest20,930
Tesuque CreekSanta Fe National Forest810
Thompson PeakSanta Fe National Forest33,001
West Face Sacramento MountainsLincoln National Forest41,176
North Carolina (9)
AreaForestAcres
Bald MountainPisgah National Forest11,085
Balsam ConePisgah National Forest10,591
BearwallowPisgah National Forest4,113
Graveyard Ridge (addition)Pisgah National Forest1,958
Jarrett CreekPisgah National Forest7,485
Laurel MountainPisgah National Forest5,683
Lost CovePisgah National Forest5,944
Sam Knob (addition)Pisgah National Forest2,576
SnowbirdNantahala National Forest8,489
Oregon (42)
AreaForestAcres
BearwallowsDeschutes National Forest7,317
Bend WatershedDeschutes National Forest14,829
Boulder ParkWallowa-Whitman National Forest12,141
DoneganUmpqua National Forest5,914
Echo MountainWillamette National Forest8,098
FairviewUmpqua National Forest7,417
Gordon MeadowsWillamette National Forest9,463
Hebo 1aSiuslaw National Forest13,930
HellholeUmatilla National Forest65,679
HomesteadWallowa-Whitman National Forest5,817
Hurricane CreekWallowa-Whitman National Forest1,606
Imnaha FaceWallowa-Whitman National Forest29,575
Lake ForkWallowa-Whitman National Forest21,936
LarchMt. Hood National Forest12,961
Limpy RockUmpqua National Forest6,782
Little SheepWallowa-Whitman National Forest5,238
Lookout MountainOchoco National Forest14,115
Maiden PeakWillamette National Forest9,627
Maiden PeakDeschutes National Forest26,432
Menagerie (rooster Rock)Willamette National Forest374
Metolius BreaksDeschutes National Forest11,141
Mt. JeffersonDeschutes National Forest2,282
Mt. BaileyUmpqua National Forest18,401
Mt. HagenWillamette National Forest6,406
Mt. Hood AdditionsMt. Hood National Forest13,061
Myrtle SilviesMalheur National Forest11,679
North PaulinaDeschutes National Forest19,670
ReservoirWallowa-Whitman National Forest13,641
Rolling Grounds AppendageUmpqua National Forest1,987
Salmon - HuckleberryMt. Hood National Forest17,570
Sheep DivideWallowa-Whitman National Forest16,201
Sky Lakes AWinema National Forest3,940
South PaulinaDeschutes National Forest9,074
Twin LakesMt. Hood National Forest6,055
Twin MountainWallowa-Whitman National Forest58,533
Upper Catherine CreekWallowa-Whitman National Forest6,446
WaldoDeschutes National Forest4,973
Waldo - FujiWillamette National Forest15,273
Waldo - LakeWillamette National Forest2,993
Waldo - Many PrariesWillamette National Forest2,585
West - South BachelorDeschutes National Forest25,994
WoahinkSiuslaw National Forest5,309
South Dakota (1)
AreaForestAcres
Indian CreekBuffalo Gap National Grassland24,666
Texas (1)
AreaForestAcres
Big CreekNational Forests in Texas1,447
Utah (36)
AreaForestAcres
0419020Ashley National Forest355,684
418024Uinta National Forest51,699
418025Uinta National Forest32,698
418026Uinta National Forest14,038
418027Uinta National Forest13,884
418028Uinta National Forest34,002
418029Uinta National Forest15,673
418040Uinta National Forest1,702
Circleville MountainFishlake National Forest24,142
FishhookDixie National Forest12,959
GibsonWasatch-Cache National Forest5,350
HancockDixie National Forest9,809
High Uintas (UT)Wasatch-Cache National Forest102,398
Hog RanchDixie National Forest17,130
Horse Mountain - Mans PeakManti-Lasal National Forest22,159
LakesWasatch-Cache National Forest121,967
Lava BedsDixie National Forest14,944
Lewis PeakWasatch-Cache National Forest11,616
Lone Peak ContiguousWasatch-Cache National Forest874
Marysvale PeakFishlake National Forest22,624
Middle FrancisWasatch-Cache National Forest3,296
Mt. AireWasatch-Cache National Forest9,681
Mt. Logan NorthWasatch-Cache National Forest18,930
Mt. Logan SouthWasatch-Cache National Forest17,014
Mt. NaomiWasatch-Cache National Forest41,922
Mt. OlympusWasatch-Cache National Forest9,982
North FrancisWasatch-Cache National Forest8,148
Red Canyon NorthDixie National Forest9,973
SanpitchManti-Lasal National Forest29,129
Signal PeakFishlake National Forest30,889
Stansbury MountainsWasatch-Cache National Forest39,696
Temple PeakWasatch-Cache National Forest24,081
Twin PeaksWasatch-Cache National Forest6,157
Upper South ForkWasatch-Cache National Forest16,811
WellsvilleWasatch-Cache National Forest1,717
White PineWasatch-Cache National Forest1,942
Vermont (3)
AreaForestAcres
Bread LoafGreen Mountain and Finger Lakes National Forests1,768
Griffith Lake 09084Green Mountain and Finger Lakes National Forests1,833
Woodford 09086Green Mountain and Finger Lakes National Forests2,456
Virginia (12)
AreaForestAcres
Broad RunJefferson National Forest10,971
Brush MountainJefferson National Forest6,002
Laurel ForkGeorge Washington National Forest9,967
Little RiverGeorge Washington National Forest27,292
Mt. PleasantGeorge Washington National Forest8,933
North MountainJefferson National Forest8,377
Oak KnobGeorge Washington National Forest10,882
Price MountainJefferson National Forest9,119
Ramseys Draft AdditionGeorge Washington National Forest12,781
Seng MountainJefferson National Forest6,428
Shawvers Run AdditionJefferson National Forest1,927
The PriestGeorge Washington National Forest5,737
Washington (43)
AreaForestAcres
Alpine Lakes Adj.Wenatchee National Forest57,104
Bald SnowColville National Forest23,198
Big Lava BedGifford Pinchot National Forest19,043
Black CanyonOkanogan National Forest9,681
Blue SlideWenatchee National Forest17,505
Canyon CreekWenatchee National Forest7,983
ChelanWenatchee National Forest74,650
Dark DivideGifford Pinchot National Forest52,483
Devils GulchWenatchee National Forest24,419
EntiatWenatchee National Forest72,617
Goat Rocks AdjWenatchee National Forest6,108
Granite MountainOkanogan National Forest27,428
Grassy TopIdaho Panhandle National Forests13,485
Harvey CreekColville National Forest10,140
Heather LakeWenatchee National Forest10,628
HoodooColville National Forest7,142
HorseshoeGifford Pinchot National Forest7,579
Jefferson RidgeOlympic National Forest6,512
Liberty BellOkanogan National Forest108,495
Madison CreekOlympic National Forest1,223
ManastashWenatchee National Forest11,155
Meadow CreekUmatilla National Forest4,882
Mill Creek Watershed (WA)Umatilla National Forest16,747
Mt. Baker MaMt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest24,847
Mt. Baker Noisy - DiobsudMt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest56,039
Mt. BonaparteOkanogan National Forest10,891
Mt. ZionOlympic National Forest3,544
Nason RidgeWenatchee National Forest19,329
Norse PeakWenatchee National Forest10,169
Pasayten RimOkanogan National Forest17,074
ProfanityColville National Forest28,944
QuartzWenatchee National Forest8,550
QuilceneOlympic National Forest18,656
Rock CreekWenatchee National Forest32,239
SawtoothOkanogan National Forest122,194
Slide RidgeWenatchee National Forest11,430
SpanglerUmatilla National Forest5,936
Stormy Mtn.Wenatchee National Forest32,612
TaneumWenatchee National Forest26,140
Twin LakesWenatchee National Forest22,496
Wenatchee CreekUmatilla National Forest15,315
White PassGifford Pinchot National Forest1,145
Willow SpringsUmatilla National Forest10,414
West Virginia (11)
AreaForestAcres
Canaan LoopMonongahela National Forest7,867
Cranberry AdditionMonongahela National Forest11,123
Cranberry Glades Botanical AreaMonongahela National Forest785
Dolly Sods Roaring PlainMonongahela National Forest13,392
Dry River (WV)George Washington National Forest7,331
Falls Of Hills CreekMonongahela National Forest6,925
Mcgowan MountainMonongahela National Forest10,504
Middle MountainMonongahela National Forest19,020
North Mountain HopevilleMonongahela National Forest6,525
Seneca CreekMonongahela National Forest22,287
Tea Creek MountainMonongahela National Forest8,295
Wyoming (21)
AreaForestAcres
Beartooth Proposed WildernessShoshone National Forest16,837
Canyon CreekShoshone National Forest7,530
Devils CanyonBighorn National Forest37,416
French CreekMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest5,928
Grayback RidgeBridger-Teton National Forest295,113
Gros Ventre MountainsBridger-Teton National Forest106,418
Laramie PeakMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest28,608
Libby FlatsMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest11,107
Little BighornBighorn National Forest133,949
Middle ForkMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest13,238
Middle ForkShoshone National Forest51,772
PalisadesTarghee National Forest1,121
Piney CreekBighorn National Forest22,240
Salt River RangeBridger-Teton National Forest235,661
Snowy RangeMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest29,660
South Beartooth HighwayShoshone National Forest105,570
Spread Creek - Gros Ventre RiverBridger-Teton National Forest166,097
Teton Corridor TrailheadsBridger-Teton National Forest286
West Slope TetonsTarghee National Forest47,448
West Slope WindsBridger-Teton National Forest143,252
Wilderness Study AreaTarghee National Forest51,961
References (25)
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  4. Bent, A.C. 1948. Life histories of North American nuthatches, wrens, thrashers, and their allies. U.S. National Museum Bulletin 195. Washington, DC.
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  8. Harrison, C. 1978. A Field Guide to the Nests, Eggs and Nestlings of North American Birds. Collins, Cleveland, Ohio.
  9. Harrison, H. H. 1979. A field guide to western birds' nests. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. 279 pp.
  10. Horn, H. S. 1968. The adaptive significance of colonial nesting in the Brewer's Blackbird. Ecology 49:682-694.
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  12. Ligon, J. D. 1971. Late summer-autumnal breeding of the piñon jay in New Mexico. Condor 73:147-153.
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  14. Mitchell, W. A. 1988. Songbird nest boxes. Section 5.1.8, US Army Corps of Engineers Wildlife Resources Management Manual. Tech. Rep. EL-88-19. Waterways Expt. Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi. 48 pp.
  15. Moore, W. S., and R. A. Dolbeer. 1989. The use of banding recovery data to estimate dispersal rates and gene flow in avian species: case studies in the Red-winged Blackbird and Common Grackle. Condor 91:242-253.
  16. Parker III, T. A., D. F. Stotz, and J. W. Fitzpatrick. 1996. Ecological and distributional databases for neotropical birds. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
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